Dear Dr. Z. Sepehri,

Indeed, the GBM (Astrocytoma Grade IV) has a poor prognosis and the real mechanism of disease does not understood. but, I think that the research on molecular mechanisms of GBM can help especially PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. this pathway is upregulated in cancer and especially GBM.

I hope, the uploaded articles may be useful for you.

Sincerely,

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23937436

Dear Dr. Z. Sepehri,

Try looking for doublecortin in GBM and keep me posted if you need an advise.

Best,

Mannan

Dear Dr. Sepehri,

For diagnostic bio-markers of glioblastoma I can suggest you two markers that expected to have high specificity and sensitivity:

1. YKL-40: Also known as CHI3L1 or human cartilage glycoprotein-39, is a secreted glycoprotein. some studies suggested that YKL-40 was a marker associated with a poorer

clinical outcome and a genetically defined histological subgroup of high-grade gliomas. TheYKL-40 was also implicated as an important marker of radiation therapeutic response and overall survival in glioblastoma.

2. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP): is

a member of the cytoskeletal protein family and is widely detected in astroglial cells and neural stem cells. It is also expressed in astrocytoma and glioblastoma multiforme.

* For prognostic biomarkers of glioblastoma, IQGAP1 (Ras GTPase-activating-like protein IQGAP1) was played as a VEGFR2-associated scaffold protein to organize ROS-dependent VEGF signaling.

Another protein marker，is the insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 (IGFBP2).

The coexpression of IQGAP1 and IGFBP2 is strongly associated with poor prognosis in astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma.

A biomarker actually very useful to study glioblastoma is TLR3. Little studied, but it has a unique theranostic value.

Because the target of TLR3, which is poly IC, has an amazing tumoricidal activity.

Several similar to poly IC, such as Hiltonol, are currently in clinical trials, and are very promising.

The drawback is that these studies do not usually rely on the research of this biomarker.