A retrospective cohort of research participants was used, and they were divided into two groups based on instructions from physicians and clinical pharmacists (the intervention group) and from physicians alone (the usual care group). Lastly, an attempt was made to compare the main outcomes.
Such a study could be considered a retrospective cohort study.The main principles of epidemiologic design apply to c;linical studies.
Based on the description provided, it seems like the study design is a retrospective cohort study with a non-randomized trial component. The participants are divided into two groups based on instructions from healthcare professionals, and the comparison of outcomes is made between the intervention group (physicians and clinical pharmacists' instructions) and the usual care group (physicians' instructions alone).
For critical appraisal, you may want to consider using a tool that is appropriate for both cohort studies and non-randomized trials. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) tool for cohort studies can be a good choice, as it covers key aspects such as study design, participant selection, exposure measurement, and outcome assessment.
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