As most Agricultural byproducts are considered waste and they usual contain protein and others like fibre, Ash and so on, so is there anyway or means be it laboratory techniques or biotechnology (through the use of insect and so on) means to increase it.
I would first ask what is the purpose of increasing proteins. If it is to incorporate the soil as an improver, you could use products based on microorganisms. Some in the market that are known in my country belong to the company Symborg or EMRO
Protein levels are usually calculated by multiplying the percentage elemental Nitrogen from a Kj dahl determination to give a protein value.
Materials such as straws are high in Carbon and fiber deems as lignocellulosic material and low in Nitrogen or protein.
Under the high carbon low nitrogen condition the material is not very digestible for humans and other monogastric animals.
The ruminant animals have several chambers or rumens which are colonized by diverse microbes which can take advantages of many of the nondigestible materials and the ruminant wastes are improved in their resource value.
Oyster mushrooms can utilize straws to grow edible material of high nutrition and medical use. The respiration of the Carbon lignocellulose to carbon dioxide and water lowers the carbon value of the fermented material and the relative nitrogen or protein level as well as digestibility are greatly improved.
In a natural processing of plant materials earthworms and solder flies greatly improve the nutrition and resource asspects of remanent material.
So the short answer is Yes. Compost can be an answer to your quandary.
Depending on the substrate, you can concentrate the N, and increase the protein concentration via consuming the material with Black Soldier Fly.
I'm sure many other approaches are possible. Earthworms? I think even cockroaches have been used in this application.
Many waste food and manure sources only contain about 2 % N (dry basis), and this type of N accumulation as protein will give you concentrations of 8 % or so. Then you can do other things to concentrate it further. Lots of scope.
Thanks to you all, I really appreciate and am very happy with the responds. @juan Velasquez-barbachan, @paul Reed Hepperly and @Mathew R Redding.
Choosing varieties with capacity of high nutrient content and further to crop management and application of inputs.
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