Over the years there have been increased concerns over the environmental effects of the petroleum industry. The environmental impacts of petroleum are mainly negative. This is due to the toxicity of petroleum which contributes to air pollution, acid rain, and various illnesses in humans. Petroleum also fuels climate change, due to the increased greenhouse gas emissions in its extraction, refinement, transport and consumption phases. During oil and natural gas production, so-called “produced water” comprises the largest byproduct stream. In addition, many oil and gas operations are augmented via injection of hydraulic fracturing (HF) fluids into the formation. Both produced water and HF fluids may contain hundreds of individual chemicals, some known to be detrimental to public health and the environment. Additionally, pollution prevention technologies relating to OGPW are presented. An understanding of the effects of OGPW on soil chemical, physical, and biological properties can provide a foundation for effective remediation of OGPW-affected soils; additionally, sustainable reuse of oil and gas water for irrigation and industrial purposes may be enhanced.Contamination of soil can occur through spills of fluids during drilling and fracturing processes and during transport by truck or through wastewater pipelines and failure of well casings and equipment failures and corrosion of pipes and tanks. In some regions OGPW is transferred to wastewater treatment plants ; however, facilities may be unable to remove several anthropogenic or naturally occurring compounds .This can result in their discharge, following treatment, to surface water and ultimately to soil.In response to concerns about the potential public health and environmental impacts associated with HF, key reagents have, in recent years, been compiled and made publicly available. Regulatory agencies in many states have established reporting requirements for unconventional production; however, not all such requirements are mandatory .

Much of Iran’s territory suffers from overgrazing, desertification and/or deforestation. Industrial and urban wastewater runoff has contaminated rivers, coastal and underground waters. Wetlands and bodies of fresh water increasingly are being destroyed as industry and agriculture expand, and oil and chemical spills have harmed aquatic life in the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea Iran contends that the international rush to develop oil and gas reserves in the Caspian Sea presents that region with a new set of environmental threats.[ Although a Department of Environment has existed since 1971, Iran has not yet developed a policy of sustainable development because short term economic goals have taken precedence.

The environmental impacts of petroleum are mainly negative, This is due to the toxicity of petroleum which contributes to air pollution, acid rain, and various illnesses in humans

The environmental impacts of petroleum are mainly negative, This is due to the toxicity of petroleum which contributes to air pollution, acid rain, and various illnesses in humans