Ideally it should be interlinked but, in reality, most of the smart city projects are revolving around singular projects focusing on governance and IT solutions where the disaster component is not pronounced. The smart city concept has been playing around for at least last 20 years under various names like sustainable city, green city, eco-city etc. On the other hand, the UNISDR started resilient cities project which is mainly focusing on disasters and propose the strengthening of government, community and other stakeholders for reducing the future impact of any disaster both physically and economically. There are few models which have been developed for both types the common factors is mainly governance, services and networking. Look into disaster risk governance as an overarching factor which connects the smart city solution in normalcy and how they can cope with emergencies. 

Refer to the theoretical definition of resilience 

Resilience is a factor of governance, risk assessment, knowledge and education, risk management and vulnerability reduction, and disaster preparedness and response (Oenone, 2007, Twigg, 2009) . 

Disaster Risk Governance is a way in which various stakeholders communicate and coordinate with each other to reduce disaster risk (UNISDR). 

further refer to Djalante et al., 2011 model on disaster risk governance. Read into the latest SFDRR document and UNISDR is developing some indicators for resilient city and ISO for sustainable community. 

Dear Raj

I am agreed with Chatterjee that smart city is a city with a purpose to make it sustainable, efficient in resource and land use while Resilient city is a city with clear aim to establish strong strategies to face disasters like flood, earthquake etc.  

Yes, I agree that resilience is much more than a so-called smart city project, which may look about transport, green spaces, energy consumption, water consumption and waste management.  However if a city is planned to be smart, it should be also planned to be resilient at all times; there are several issues and risks today which are linked to wrong prevention systems during planning and designing smart cities today.  Unexpected events and disasters should be considered jointly within smart city systems; it would be  the case to consider risk assessments earlier possible during planning processes and also to consider clever uses of games software to develop plans of prevention and swift action plans activated automatically when a disaster strikes unexpectedly.  See what happened with recent floods in the UK; defence barriers and works against floods were sporadic actions at some areas which were declared as high risk ones some year ago.  However climate change is on-going and flood risks could be the norm from now on. Thus, disasters should be considered as integral part of the 'gaming' planning systems.

Thanks for your valuable inputs, during my research....I found Resilience as one of the aspect in smart cities, in smart cities model they focus on strengthening different sectors with technological advancement but somewhere it do increases the Resilience of that particular city.

when we talk about transport, green spaces, energy consumption, water consumption and waste management. During any risk or natural hazard these sectors fail and then we say the city is not resilience. 

Even the resilience indicators are based on these sectors of transport, water supply, electricity, availability of green opens spaces, Economic activity etc.

As per my understanding.....indicators in both models are same but the approach is little technological when we talk about smart cities, and in resilient cities its bit more of planning approach

Dear Raj, according to the last research, I think that the concept of a smart city itself is still emerging, and the work of defining and conceptualizing it is in progress. It has attracted considerable attention in the context of urban development policies, but without defining what this means. Usually scholars refers to the work of Caragliu, Del Bo, and Nijkamp (2009). They consider a city smart “when investments in human and social capital and traditional (transport) and modern (ICT) communication infrastructure fuel sustainable economic growth and a high quality of life, with a wise management of natural resources, through participatory Governance”.

According to my research I consider "Smart" a city that support space as place, use scaling laws in architecture and urban geometry, in social and economic networks, etc.), natural patterns, and encourage and respect the real needs.

In the same way the concept of resilience has to differences: one is “engineered resilience”, the second is ecological resilience. They have an epistemological difference: the first one use a "rigid/fixed design parameters", and these structure are stable within their design parameters BUT they ARE NOT RESILIENCE autside these parameters.

On the contrary, ecological resilience is "natular planned" and has a great capability to adapt itself when there is a stress in a part of the system.

In conclusion, I think the connection between the concept of smart and resilience is in the espistemological approach and in the meaning of city.

Antonio Caperna

Hi Raj

Very interesting set of analysis and I will endorse Antonio's and Ranit's observations. The one point I will submit for consideration is the fact that Smart City need to be deconstructed from the point of view of an idea or an ideal and as a concept. Researchers tend to blur the boundaries between the two and therefore, helps to prolong the myths of that which is a utopian ideal and what can actually be translated in space. Resilience too is a mismanaged concept both in its ecological, economic and social sense. 

Hello dear. I study about resilient and smart cities recently and I saw Raj started an discussion about it. I read answers and I decide take part in this discussion. I read some articles about resilient cities and smart cities and relation of them. I agree with Eleni Tracada. I think this two concepts have direct effect on another and their goal is sustainable development in cities.

Hello All,

Great discussion.

You might find this recent publication interesting: Smart city and resilient city: differences and connections. (link:https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/widm.1388)

Best Regards

Haibo

A simple idea from my perspective, resilient city is the target, while smart city is means.

I recommend the following with respect to this question:

- Future of Life-Cycle Assessment in a Smart and/or Sustainable World

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338327265_Future_of_Life-Cycle_Assessment_in_a_Smart_andor_Sustainable_World?_sg=g0BM2_3Co09ATb3YNGmKy_tB1tB8ybiENo7OdBB2gFo8drBJ3iOFMtDLGYos2cgdfTN-fWVlLkLAIuaniAbpTg-_UlujQRbWVFwPZWLP.cX90sTtsr07qErzgxugoWS4L1EbC6K0TIl6anNGZeClcP4xArQPROzLP4RHkT7DqzfF7h1RDeD381gCJWGPnOQ

- Internet of Things and the Future of Life-Cycle Assessment in Smart World

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325871906_Internet_of_Things_and_the_Future_of_Life-Cycle_Assessment_in_Smart_World

A resilient city has to be smart. Think about smart technologies which can help you to monitor electricity consumption and renewable energy provided by latest systems respecting and protecting the environment. Think about waste and water management. And above all, start tagging all interventions intending tob protect and make cities grow with Sustainable Development Goals boconing a priority to masterplanning. That's resilience planning for near futture and beyond.

a recent study in the journal of cleaner production looks at this question through a study of 35 city labels like smart city and resilient city and the way that academics have linked them:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.125924