Nanoparticles of cerium species (namely nanoceria) can improve nonspecific immunity in low dosage, for example they demonstrate a positive effect on the laying hens https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12429
Lanthanides have been used in poultry production in China for a long time https://doi.org/10.1079/WPS19970029
Probably ceria nanoparticles are oral immunomodulator due to prebiotic properties. We demonstrated that ceria nanoparticles used in combination with lactobacteria or other components of normal microflora can improve their effect on the immune system in humans and animals https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-42864-4.00012-9
nano materials that can stimulate either cellular or humoral immunity. Examples of such materials include chemical and plant products like what ??????/@saganuwan alhaji saganuwan