Allanur Ansari

The photon can have any energy (above a minimum energy of around 1O^-4 eV,

lower energies are EM-waves with no photons involved).

If a photon is absorbed by an atom; the atom might eject a photon or, if the energy is sufficient, it might increase the energy of an electron (so that it goes to a higher energy level) and emit the rest energy as a photon et c.

JES

Physical reality applies two basic fields. One represents our universe and exists always and everywhere. The other is the electric field. It is raised by electric charges that represent sources or sinks and locate at the geometrical centers of elementary particles. Photons do not incorporate electric charges and certainly no elementary particles.

Photons are strings of equidistant energy packages. The energy packages are one-dimensional shock fronts that travel with light speed. They have no mass.

No. Nor is there any minimum value for the energy of the photon. That any experiment has a finite resolution doesn't mean that it's the same for all experiments. All this is known so, it might be better to actually read a textbook or follow a course on quantum electrodynamics. It's astonishing how the same questions get ``asked'' over and over again.

Dear Stam Nicolis

Can you indicate an experiment where a photon with lower energy then 10^-4 eV was detected?

If you have no proof, how can you be sure of anything?

JES

All experiments are consistent with the statement that a lower bound on the photon's energy isn't meaningful-otherwise this would imply violation of Lorentz invariance that would have shown up in other experiments. So what matters isn't the numerical value of the lower bound-it's that any such bound doesn't make sense whatever its value. So the bounds on violations of Lorentz invariance imply that it's not possible to claim a bound on the energy of the photon. The reason is that a photon's energy isn't invariant under Lorentz transformations, that's why it doesn't make sense making any statements about it.

If you have a choice between hard evidence (experiment) or a theory proposed by some mathematician. I don't think you need to think twice!

JES

Some time ago I visited a lab where they did all kinds of experiments with photons. At every experiment, I asked whether the experimenter could tell me the structure of a photon. The answer was usually "I do not know" that. Sometimes the experimenter answered "The structure is not of any interest to us. The behavior is important. For us, a photon can be a mosquito. It does not matter for our results." Another experimenter answered "You better ask a theorist. For the experiment, the structure of the photon does not matter.

For me as an optics expert, it was sufficient to consider photons as point-like objects that travel in distributions which in imaging equipment can form point spread functions, which have a Fourier transform. The Fourier transform is called the Optical Transfer Function. The distribution can be a mixture of a spatial location distribution, a color distribution, an angular distribution, and a phase distribution. All distributions affect the Optical Transfer Functions. The Fourier transform gives the light beam its wave behavior. Photons are not waves. They can better be interpreted as strings of equidistant energy packages that obey the Planck-Einstein relation E=hv.

At low dose rates, the concept of the Optical Transfer Function still works. Thus, for small numbers of photons the same point spread function is pursued. This indicates that light beams and their superposition are defined in Fourier space. Detection of photons occurs in configuration space.

Things in solids are not so simple as in vacuum. The electron's energy depends not only on its belonging to conducting (or other) band but also on the value of its k vector. In other words: on its direction of movement and its velocity. The transitions between different bands need not to be accomplished by emission or absorption of a photon - phonons are often sufficient for transition to occur. In effect we generally have: \Delta{E} = Em(k1) - En(k2) with k1=k2 case corresponding to photon-assisted transition between energy bands Em and En. It is true that the number of possible k vectors is very large (~ Avogadro number) but nevertheless finite in any given sample, thus the photons (emitted or absorbed) should have discrete spectrum.

The photon is in fact a particle with a mass and momentum. Its specificity is that the photon is accelerated in the interaction with its surrounding, until it reaches the signal speed c. The photon as well as the neutrino don't follow the law e=mc^2, the neutrino keeps the velocity it got in its creation.

JES

Allanur Ansari

Hans van Leunen

Dear Sirs,

I think first of all we need a photon model. We must answer the questions:

- what is photon structure?

- what is photon energy?

- how does a photon interact with an electron of atom?

1. The photon is paired neutrinos (Louis de Broglie, "Neutrino theory of light", 1934). Neutrino is a toroidal vortex of gravitons of an electromagnetic field.

2. We call the "photon energy" the circular rotation of the neutrino. This rotation ensures the exchange of moments between the atoms of the substance. This is the "color" of light. The toroidal rotation of the neutrino ensures its translational motion in the medium of the electromagnetic field.

3. The exchange of moments between a photon and an electron of an atom of a substance occurs when a photon passes through an electron neutrino. Moment transmission is "hot to cold" (See the picture, please).

More in the book "Electromagnetic Gravity. Part 1" in my profile. My photon animation you may see at my site http://gravity.spb.ru

Yours

Valeriy Pakulin

All objects in the universe are constituted by dark objects. Photons are strings of equidistant dark energy objects that all behave like one-dimensional shock fronts and move with lightspeed.

Elementary particles have a footprint that is formed by dark matter objects that all behave like spherical shockfronts. The spherical front moves with lightspeed.