Of course we can and have observed the density of the past universe. But most large scale studies have claimed that that the density of the past universe was the same, or was even less dense than the present universe, and was observably too-thin to produce the density of galaxies observed in the present universe, so that’s the problem.
Based upon many large-scale observation studies, the universe appears to have been too thin in the past to explain the expansion of space, the observed density of galaxies in the past, and the observed large scale structures of the universe to have formed, based upon gravity alone, within the limited time allowed by the Hubble distance formula, 13.8 billion years. These studies and facts seem to directly contradict the expansion of space and the Big Bang model (BB) as a whole.
Researchers have stated that not even the density of the past universe as proposed by BB cosmology, ignoring observations, could even have been dense enough based upon gravity theory alone, to have formed the plenitude and densities of galaxies and clusters now observed, within the Hubble restricted age of the universe, even with the inclusion of hypothetical dark matter some have stated. Some also consider this the biggest BB theory problem of them all. The problem is called the “Cosmic Tension.”
https://www.quantamagazine.org/a-new-cosmic-tension-the-universe-might-be-too-thin-20200908/
The present ongoing large scale study DESI involves about 900 astronomers world-wide is having a problem determining a Hubble constant, and has discounted dark energy as being indeterminable. Some claim compatibility with BB cosmology while others claim otherwise.
https://universemagazine.com/en/dark-energy-wanes-scientists-receive-contradictory-data-on-the-universes-most-mysterious-force/
No, it is not incompatible because the energy in the universe increase with the expansion as an equivalent of information flow that comes in the world. Look to my article "Equivalence of Energy and Information flow", OSP Journal of Physics and Astronomy, October 30, 2022 Vol.3, Issue 3, pages 2
Energy is equivalent to information flow and Energy is equivalent to time.
See my article "Theory of Dark Energy", London Journal of Research in Science: Natural and Fudamental 2025 (LJRS), Vol.25, Issue 1, Compilation 1.0, page 2, formula (1) .@
I agree with my esteemed colleague Mr Joge. Energy is released as the expansion occurs, and as a result more energy is "created" in essence. Mr Joge's piece is a good read and will help with the answer
there is current theory that at some point space will likely meet the maximum rate of expansion, and by this a number of things have been theorised
1) space will create "tears" which will then expand and eventually "rip" space"
2) there will be a massive explosion as space tears itself apart
3) space will begin to contract as the edges cool, this could eventually lead to a rapid contraction of space and time
at present there is no proven conclusion with the evidence currently available, although im happy to be proven wrong, and would love some evidence if it is available
Dear Dr. Michael Hughes;
Please note the following principle:
Principle of Information Formation (PIF)
Information can only be generated through intelligence.
Therefore I speak about "created". That's what I mean: all information in bits that the universe contains and flows to the universe in the future (accelerated expansion) comes from God, possibly mediated via intelligent beings: In the beginning was the word , Gospel of John 1: 1-3 (The Bible). Information is the sum of all manifestations of information (in matter/ energy, in communication, in literature and so on).@
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/389143210_Pure_Time_Theory_-The_Illusion_of_Accelerated_Expansion_and_Its_Consequences_for_Galactic_Rotation
Newtonian cosmology (theory of gravity) is limited, geocentric and is meaningless and wrong even in the context of the solar system, not to speak of the universe. Einstein’s GR is simply a mathematics driven fantasy!!
“Breakdown of the Newton–Einstein Standard Gravity at Low Acceleration in Internal Dynamics of Wide Binary Stars”: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ace101/pdf
This seemingly unbiased finding in a micro-system of cosmology in contrast to sky-high claims of astrophysicist-priests seems to be a serious study of the cosmos and a welcome continuation of similar micro-scale observation of the cosmos initiated by the pioneering works of Viktor Ambartsumian. He had found “stellar associations”—groups of ten to a thousand stars within the Milky Way apparently of a common origin but they were moving too fast for their gravity to hold them together permanently and to stop their slow dispersion. Both of these serious studies shatter the so-called universal gravitational attraction of Newtonian/Einsteinian cosmology and support a dialectical cosmology! (PDF) Ambartsumian, Arp and the Breeding Galaxies*. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320027626_Ambartsumian_Arp_and_the_Breeding_Galaxies[accessed Mar 05 2025]. Please note: The internet link to the website of the journal of the original publication seems now to be blocked; like some other publications of this author; as a hostile act of censorship, by the tech-giants!!
“THE CONCEPTUAL DEFECT OF THE LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION OR ‘FREE FALL’: A DIALECTICAL REASSESSMENT OF KEPLER’S LAWS”: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317040165_THE_CONCEPTUAL_DEFECT_OF_THE_LAW_OF_UNIVERSAL_GRAVITATION_OR_'FREE_FALL'_A_DIALECTICAL_REASSESSMENT_OF_KEPLER'S_LAWS
“KEPLER -NEWTON -LEIBNIZ -HEGEL Portentous and Conflicting Legacies in Theoretical Physics, Cosmology and in Ruling Ideas”: https://www.rajpub.com/index.php/jap/article/view/9106
“The Mystery of the Lorentz Transform: A Reconstruction and Its Implications for Einstein's Theories of Relativity and cosmology” : INSPIRE>HEP: https://inspirehep.net/literature/2158754
Even macro-scale reports specially after the James Webb Telescope are raising disturbing question about Newtonian/ Einsteinian cosmology: “Marginal evidence for cosmic acceleration from Type 1a supernovae”: J..T. Nielsen, A. Guffanti & S. Sarkar: http://www.nature.com/articles/srep35596
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