For elemental composition I would suggest EDX (energy dispersive X-ray) spectroscopy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy-dispersive_X-ray_spectroscopy) or XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy ). The latter is more limited in sample depth penetration so can be biased towards surface rather than bulk.