I'm wondering whether there is a way to evaluate safety factor of soil slope directly using an experimental method or not
It is possible by measuring stress conditions within the slope during failure. Pressure cell can be placed along the critical failure circle and measure stress conditions. I suggest you to read any experimental technique related books.
maybe by sacrificing a small segment of the slope, and overloading it with added weight? That would preserve the "in-situ" condition, and the scarified slope can be relatively large (preserving the layers).
Otherwise... making a slope of the same geometry and testing it in a centrifuge. But that would sacrifice the "disturbed soil states" plausibly present in the original slope. And layering can be hard to capture.
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