Hi,

If someone wants to do independent research (e.g. they design a questionnaire and ask people to take part, or they are a personal trainer and they collect data from their patients for a new exercise intervention etc) how do they publish the results if all journals require approvals from ethics committees and compliance with the Helsinki declaration?

I've heard to obtain ethics clearance from an independent ethics committee costs a few thousand dollars.

Is research publishing in a way "locked" for academic institutions only?

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