The phenomenon of infection, infectious processes and infectious diseases is very complicated and interesting. Scientific research of the infection cannot be reduced to the creation of vaccines for humans and domestic animals. In the manifestation of infection and the periodic spread of infection (epidemics and epizootics), many connections are manifested. They are often not registered. Climate change carries new infectious threats. This is a very typical manifestation of how changes in the environment may lead to a cascade of consequences. Including infectious nature. In the discussion, it is necessary to focus on theoretical and methodological issues. They are key. Important interpretation of various cases of manifestations of infectious diseases among humans and animals. The purpose of discussion is to develop effective scientific positions on the study of the natural phenomenon of infection. Infectious ecology allows to go beyond the very limited approach of modern epidemiology and veterinary medicine. We are trying to reach a new level of understanding of relationships in nature.
THIS REPEAT TEXT WRITTEN FOR https://www.researchgate.net/post/Do_you_think_the_climate_change_has_only_to_do_with_human_society_or_is_it_also_occuring_naturally
The answer to the question:
"Please define" infectious ecology "in the context of global warming or cooling.
For a correct understanding of what can happen during climate change and changes in the manifestation of the pathogenic properties of microorganisms, the following should be considered:
• Refuse the human perception of climate change. Probably 99% of what is said on the subject, is connected with human perception. We are talking about microorganisms that were "always" and who saw a lot of changes.
• Do not look for a direct and simple connection. These connections are complex. In addition, nature plays infectious jazz in various parts of the world. The geography of manifestations of infectious diseases is changing.
• Including, microorganisms have seen 6 mass extinctions of biological species. The role of the infectious factor in them is not considered. In my opinion it is done absolutely in vain. An infectious factor can be an integral part of changes in the biodiversity of planet Earth.
• Warming - cooling. Usually the set of characteristics for their evaluation is purely anthropocentric. For microorganisms, the link "climate - vegetation - insects - soil" is important. It is clear that everything is much more complicated. Well, let it be so for now. Between climate change and changes in soils, a complex relationship. It should be studied. It is not easy to do.
• Another aspect of the warming - cooling. Reservoirs. In particular, freshwater reservoirs. They begin to change from an ecological point of view. This will affect the microorganisms associated with them. An example is water reservoirs in Ukraine (the Dnieper River). Warming the water gives a cascade of effects. Including, infectious nature. Fresh water changes. Its quality. We can say that the "African standard" of fresh water is being formed.
• For a correct answer to the question about the relationship between climate and infections, new taxonomic units need to be developed. Landscapes, geosystems, ecosystems and other terms are not entirely acceptable when studying the process in infectious ecology.
• A typological analysis of the soil is necessary from the point of view of infectious ecology. I can recognize about 200 types of soil environment. These types are defined precisely in the context of infectious ecology. They will behave differently depending on the geographical area of the world.
• It is necessary to take into account the new connections. Example. Habitual use of herbicides in the new environment can give is not quite the usual result. There are many examples with pathogens. Let's say tularemia. The problem is that the adaptive properties of microorganisms are not investigated. Meanwhile, the discrete activation of pathogens is likely to be an adaptive response to the environment.
• There is no reason to believe that adaptive reactions also do not change. Virulence and many other characteristics will change.
• And 35 - 45 more points.
The general conclusion - we need to deal with this subject. In epidemiology and veterinary medicine, only try to treat infected warm-blooded. They consider a tiny segment of connections. They do not want to hear about anything else. A failure in the fundamental understanding of how exactly the activation of pathogenic properties of microorganisms takes place. As a consequence of the limited position of epidemiology and veterinary science, it is not understanding why the infectious process begins and for what it ends.
Do you remember the ebola of 2014?
http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/272761/SITREP-EVD-DRC-20180605-eng.pdf?ua=1
This is the ebola report for June 5, 2018. Ebola is back in the Congo. 13 pages of the report for one day. And all about the consequences. And not a word about the study of the environment. On this basis, it is impossible to understand the links between climate change and the changes in the manifestation of infectious diseases.
In the infectious ecology the object can be explored in a fundamentally different way.
The object of infectious ecology is study of the system of connections of living and non-living, as a result of which the phenomenon of infection, infectious processes and infectious diseases of individuals of various biological species can manifest themselves.
Infectious ecology is focused on a holistic description of the system of connections leading to the phenomenon of emergence of new information in nature. Infection is understood from an information point of view.
The key moment in understanding the nature of infections is associated with the extremely correct registration of empirical information. This refers to registration in space and time. Microorganisms do not live in test tubes. They live in their ecosystems. Science does not begin where mathematics begins. Mathematics can degenerate into manipulation of data and nothing more. Science begins where there is a correct registration of empirical information about the connection of phenomena. Including, in ecosystems. It is at this point only the great weakness of the modern standard for research on infectious diseases. Registration of empirical information is too late. Probably the biggest trouble is that it is mediated. There is an infected warm-blooded. When this phenomenon is registered, a "countdown" begins. The infectious chain is restored. From an infected warm-blooded attempt to go to a discrete activation of a pathogen. But this time is left in the past. As a rule, such a path is taken to find a practical solution to the problem.
To capture the complex connections associated with the emergence of the phenomenon of infection and their potential development into the level of infectious processes and infectious diseases of individuals of certain species, it is necessary to have extremely clear theoretical and methodological positions. The uncertainty of the expert position will have disastrous consequences for the correctness of empirical information on the nature of the infection.
Preprint Polygon for infectious geomonitoring. Environmental Epidemio...
Ecology is the science about connections in nature. Connections can be incredibly complex and interesting. They have a lot of paradoxes. Paradoxes to ordinary consciousness.
There is an interesting attempt to develop ecology. It is connected with the research of Mark Purdey. In 1992 - 2006 he published a series of articles. They talked about infection as a result of ecological relations in nature. Infectious diseases often have an environmental effect from processes with it completely unrelated. The work was not understood. Now they are returning to them. In many ways Mark Purdey was right
Mark Purdey left not many publications. But they are all very valuable. This is a classic of infectious ecology. In reference there is a bibliography of his articles and speeches.
http://www.e-epidemiology.com/Mark-Purdey/
THIS REPEAT TEXT WRITTEN FOR https://www.researchgate.net/post/Do_you_think_the_climate_change_has_only_to_do_with_human_society_or_is_it_also_occuring_naturally
The answer to the question:
"Please define" infectious ecology "in the context of global warming or cooling.
For a correct understanding of what can happen during climate change and changes in the manifestation of the pathogenic properties of microorganisms, the following should be considered:
• Refuse the human perception of climate change. Probably 99% of what is said on the subject, is connected with human perception. We are talking about microorganisms that were "always" and who saw a lot of changes.
• Do not look for a direct and simple connection. These connections are complex. In addition, nature plays infectious jazz in various parts of the world. The geography of manifestations of infectious diseases is changing.
• Including, microorganisms have seen 6 mass extinctions of biological species. The role of the infectious factor in them is not considered. In my opinion it is done absolutely in vain. An infectious factor can be an integral part of changes in the biodiversity of planet Earth.
• Warming - cooling. Usually the set of characteristics for their evaluation is purely anthropocentric. For microorganisms, the link "climate - vegetation - insects - soil" is important. It is clear that everything is much more complicated. Well, let it be so for now. Between climate change and changes in soils, a complex relationship. It should be studied. It is not easy to do.
• Another aspect of the warming - cooling. Reservoirs. In particular, freshwater reservoirs. They begin to change from an ecological point of view. This will affect the microorganisms associated with them. An example is water reservoirs in Ukraine (the Dnieper River). Warming the water gives a cascade of effects. Including, infectious nature. Fresh water changes. Its quality. We can say that the "African standard" of fresh water is being formed.
• For a correct answer to the question about the relationship between climate and infections, new taxonomic units need to be developed. Landscapes, geosystems, ecosystems and other terms are not entirely acceptable when studying the process in infectious ecology.
• A typological analysis of the soil is necessary from the point of view of infectious ecology. I can recognize about 200 types of soil environment. These types are defined precisely in the context of infectious ecology. They will behave differently depending on the geographical area of the world.
• It is necessary to take into account the new connections. Example. Habitual use of herbicides in the new environment can give is not quite the usual result. There are many examples with pathogens. Let's say tularemia. The problem is that the adaptive properties of microorganisms are not investigated. Meanwhile, the discrete activation of pathogens is likely to be an adaptive response to the environment.
• There is no reason to believe that adaptive reactions also do not change. Virulence and many other characteristics will change.
• And 35 - 45 more points.
The general conclusion - we need to deal with this subject. In epidemiology and veterinary medicine, only try to treat infected warm-blooded. They consider a tiny segment of connections. They do not want to hear about anything else. A failure in the fundamental understanding of how exactly the activation of pathogenic properties of microorganisms takes place. As a consequence of the limited position of epidemiology and veterinary science, it is not understanding why the infectious process begins and for what it ends.
Do you remember the ebola of 2014?
http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/272761/SITREP-EVD-DRC-20180605-eng.pdf?ua=1
This is the ebola report for June 5, 2018. Ebola is back in the Congo. 13 pages of the report for one day. And all about the consequences. And not a word about the study of the environment. On this basis, it is impossible to understand the links between climate change and the changes in the manifestation of infectious diseases.
In the infectious ecology the object can be explored in a fundamentally different way.
The discussion of the relationship between climate change and its range of consequences might be transfer to the level of methodology. If the object of research has moved and started to give new information, then it is necessary to check the methodology. How well do they describe this object? The object is changing. Old methods of research may no longer be effective.
An example is a change in the manifestation of infectious diseases and climate change. Previously, such subjects were not considered. In epidemiology, it was somehow implied that the climate is quite stable. It is clear that there is a case of French Guiana and Vietnam. On them a lot of diseases. There is the case of Iceland. There are very few infectious diseases. But there were stable geographical areas with their stable characteristics. Now everything began to change. The problem is precisely this. It is not a fact that the new reality will repeat the old one.
Once again, we need to start testing the methodology. How correctly do we describe climate change and its consequences? For me, the case of infectious diseases is of interest. The question of methodology.
There is a report in 2014 (in English). The report is a little outdated, but still acceptable. It is just a question of the methodology of a correct empirical description of changes and their consequences.
Presentation Environmental Epidemiology: new standard quantity & quality ...
Colleagues,
A good reference to ongoing work on climate change and infectious diseases.
Liverpool University Climate and Infectious Diseases of Animals (LUCINDA)
https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/infection-and-global-health/research/climate-and-infectious-diseases-of-animals/publications/
This is far from being a unique research centre on similar topics. A lot of them. There will be much more. Unfortunately, there is no doubt about that.
Have a nice weekend!
Colleagues,
A new article on Mark Purdey. This is from a series on the history of infectious ecology. Unfortunately, again in Russian. But there is a bibliography of the articles of Mark Pardee.
Preprint The history of infectious ecology: Mark Purdey. Environmenta...
http://www.e-epidemiology.com/Mark-Purdey/
It is worth a look and the material about him. He's in English.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Purdey
This is not an ordinary man and a scientist. He made a tremendous contribution to fundamental understanding of the nature of infections. Was not understood.
His interpretation of infections is relevant to the topic of climate change and potential changes in the manifestation of infectious diseases.
That's all for now!
Good scientific news. There is a mystery of nature.
Swallows return to the same places. Everyone knows this. Periodically (quite rarely) swallows are mass dying out. Epizootic. So far, there has been no scientific explanation. I think that it already exists. It takes a short time to complete the results. The explanation is precisely the standard of infectious ecology. I believe that 7-10 days is enough to describe this case.
This is not just a story of swallows. This is the story of all the birds that dig burrows and raise chicks there. There are more than 150 biological species.
Forgot. This is a project of 2016 - 2018 years. We will finish it in October 2018. It will be possible to very accurately determine the differences between the places with which the infectious diseases of birds from different places are connected. Externally, they are the same. Sometimes a place kills all the birds that dig holes in it.
Two examples are epizootics in the swallows of Riparia riparia and tularemia.
Preprint Epizootics of burrowing birds: the case of Riparia riparia. ...
+
Preprint Tularemia and Vladimir Adamovich: geography and ecology of F...
Examples are interesting in that it is possible to conduct accurate registration of the occurrence of infection. This is a microgeography. Accuracy can be up to several centimeters. Next, samples are taken and you can reach a higher level. It has connected with nanocartography. Importantly, it is possible to very accurately determine the locations of discrete activation of pathogens now.
The text of the swallows is old. The new article is now in progress. There are new results.
Finally, I read Mark Purdey's articles. Very interesting! Really, you become smarter on one article. There are 17 articles in total. This life does not change, but the benefits are beyond of doubt.
Hi,
I am Anna. I am an editor in the journal "Environmental Epidemiology". I help to Prof Dmitry Nikolaenko. In the summer he is quite often on trips.
To start, a link to the table of contents of the book "Introduction to Infectious Ecology." Hyperlinks are provided. The book is in Russian. There are English annotations.
English version http://www.e-epidemiology.com/Introduction-to-infectious-ecology/
Russian version
http://www.e-epidemiology.com/%D0%92%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5-%D0%B2-%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E-%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8E/
Infectious ecology has remarkable prospects. A little difficult, but interesting. It is most important. Already sick from epidemiology. One and the same is repeated 1000 times.
We will try to reach a new level of field research. Registration of a discrete manifestation of pathogenic properties. It is clear that we are talking about natural conditions. The technique is called ASTA. Microgeography and nanocartography. That is what Dmitry usually writes about.
http://www.e-epidemiology.com/Mark-Purdey/
The material has been added to the site. This is an interview with Mark Purdey.
Soon there will be two new articles about him. Perception of new ideas in post-scientific scientific space. Rather, NOT perception. We are here (Ukraine + Russia) as on a certain island in the Pacific Ocean. Study local aboriginal population. I mean local scientific society. It is very specific.
Preprint Mark Purdey and the post-Soviet scientific community: why ar...
New article about Mark Purdey.
http://www.e-epidemiology.com/Mark-Purdey/
New information on web site.
June 19-20, 2018 in the journal "Environmental Epidemiology" discussed the works of Mark Purdey. The specificity of our perception of these is that all participants in the discussion are based on S-Theory. This cannot but leave an impact on the perception of research carried out in the past. The main problem is not in the nuances of theoretical interpretations, but in general state of epidemiology and veterinary medicine. It leads to the fact that valuable scientific innovations are systematically and purposefully ignored. Their specific interpretations may be different. As a result of the discussion, some decisions were made. Journal staff began to prepare a series of articles on Mark Purdey and the perception of his ideas. We would like to systematically consider the situation not only with new ideas in general, but also with this particular case. Valuable scientific knowledge should not be forgotten. We will try our best. It is desirable to hold an international conference on Mark Purdey. This will greatly expand the range of experts involved in the discussion. An attempt to organize such a conference will be undertaken in the near future. Key words: Mark Purdey, infection as a property, discrete activation of pathogens, theoretical and methodological issues of epidemiology, infectious ecology.
Preprint Preliminary results of discussion of the topic "Mark Purdey ...
Reference to new article.
Preprint Dynamics of infectious reality and standards of expert refle...
New article.
Scientific paradigms should be different. Depending on the specific theoretical, methodological and practical paradigm foundations, experts define the significantly different research subjects. The object of research is independent from experts. The subject of the research is completely dependent on experts. It is acts as an image of a certain reality. This image is always created by experts on the basis of a strictly defined scientific paradigm. One paradigm in science (that consumes everyone and everything) is not needed. In the case of epidemiology, there is a clear contradiction between static scientific knowledge and the dynamics of the object of research. The first contradiction is connected with the fact that the object of research is not static. The object (the phenomenon of infection, as an integral part of the nature of planet Earth) is clearly a variable nature. The second contradiction is connected with the fact that the expert community, connected with infectious diseases, is incredibly dogmatic. In the situation that has developed in epidemiology, there is nothing new or interesting. It is repeatedly described in the Science about Science. We recall the book by Thomas Kuhn. All the activity of experts of the dominant paradigm of modern epidemiology takes place within the framework of "normal science". They think only in terms of their paradigm. Mark Purdey works are the result of sudden changes in infectious reality. Basically, they were associated with the BSE. In nature, something new has appeared. The dominant paradigm expressed a familiar set of words. Mark Purdey clearly defines the infectious novelty of nature and generates new hypotheses that can explain it. This is reflected in a series of his articles. He did not answer all the questions, but he (a) identified an infectious novelty of nature and (b) showed the way in which her systematic study could be conducted. The reaction of the experts of the dominant paradigm was the fundamental ignoring of the scientific novelty from Mark Purdey. Changing infectious reality is the most interesting subject of research. Infectious ecology opens wonderful prospects for its research. Key words: Mark Purdey, paradigm, epidemiology, infectious ecology.
Preprint Let's say Mark Purdey is still alive. Environmental Epidemio...
New article.
Hello! I'm Aleksey. The above is a reference to a new article. Discussion of the works of Mark Purdey. This is also important for this discussion. Join now!
Hello! I'm Maxim. We are now actively working on infectious ecology. Summer is the time of field work. I hope for the beginning of autumn there will be excellent results.
Dear Dmitry.
I agree with you. But unfortunately, many pretend that good "doctors" will always provide "good drugs" to alleviate infectious diseases so we should not worry. Ah ah. It is important to know the impact of climate on disease. For example, asthma is strongly related with environmental conditions (presence of micro-organims, allergens, pollution, etc. which exacerbate the disease) and instead of taking drugs with uncertain secondary effects, a change of environment (moving to sea shore and or to alpine climate or drier climate) could be more beneficial. On the other hand, in a warming climate, an increase of humidity will certainly take place in many regions of the planet. Apparently, the cilia cells (small hairy cells) lining the entrance to the lungs which protect against microorganisms start not functioning so well in high humidity. Microbes may be able to reach the lungs more easily.
Many other diseases are linked with the climate (see the excellent book of William Thompson, A Change of air, Climate and health, 1979).
Finally, what about the impact of ions on disease. This is an understudy issue which affect diasese but not much is known about it.
Dear A. Robichaud,
Climate change is a rich topic for all sorts of hack-work. Especially a lot on health issues. Write simple, radical and often completely meaningless means (solutions to all problems).
We are trying to develop an infectious ecology. The description of links in nature might be made more correct.
I'll try to find the book. Unfortunately, it had not read it before.
Success!
http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2009/trnee-nrtee/En134-44-2009E.pdf
Not a bad book on climate change and adaptation to them.
Dear Alain,
project "ADAGIO (Atmospheric Deposition Analysis Generated by optimal Interpolation from Observations)" looks really good. Attention to correct interpolation is very important.
The notion of shifting disease ecologies is not new; historians have pointed them out and written about them, notably William McNeill in his Plagues and Peoples book. As his student at the University of Chicago, I was attracted to this viewpoint and have also published a few articles. See my work in Researchgate
Dear Guenter,
Naturally, the idea is not new. There are a lot of works in which it is said similar about ecology of diseases. Mainly on the example of some diseases. There are works on the plague. Including, in Russian. Consider their plague epidemics. Mostly the 19th century.
Our approach focuses on theory and methodology. Infection is a discrete property of pathogens. We are trying to understand exactly how this activation takes place. Microgeography and nanocartography are used. It does not turn out all, but somewhere we move.
Your publications is in the nearest plan. Now a lot of time goes to field work.
Dmitry
Some examples of works on what can be defined as infectious ecology. In its framework there can be a large number of different theoretical and methodological approaches.
1) Weinberg E.D. Infectious diseases influenced by trace element environment // Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1972. V. 199. P. 274-284.
2) Weinberg, E. D., 1974. Iron and susceptibility to infectious disease. Science 184: 952–956.
3) Weinberg, E. D., 1975. Nutritional immunity: host’s attempt to withhold iron from microbial invaders. J. am. Med. Ass. 231: 39–41.
4) Weinberg ED. DF-2 sepsis: a sequela of sideremia? Med 47. Hypotheses 1987;24:287-9.
5) Weinberg ED. Patho-ecological implications of microbial acquisition of host iron. Reviews in Medical Microbiology 1998;9:171-8.
6) Weinberg ED. Acquisition of iron and other nutrients in vivo. In: Roth JA, Bolin CA, Brogdon KA, Wannemuehler MJ, editors. Virulence mechanisms of bacterial pathogens. Washington: American Society for Microbiology; 1995. p. 79-94.
7) Weinberg, E. D., 1999. Iron loading and disease surveillance. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 5: 346–352.
The task is to bring such research to the level of the paradigm. They do not have to be individual works only. Now the problem is this. In addition, it is necessary to develop research methodologies in infectious ecology. For example, work at the sites and micropolygons. We need to learn how to work with one square meter and minutes of time. This gives an understanding of the discrete activation of pathogens.
What Anna said is quite true. It remains only to do this. There are a lot of theoretical and methodological problems. Everything is solvable. But if you keep silent about them, so everything remains in the old place.
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