Sir, I am trying to implement you paper titled: Improved spectrum sensing for OFDM cognitive radio in the presence of timing offset.

 In this paper I have some doubts, can you clarify them?

In system model section:

1.    written block of data symbols mapped on to the subcarrier: In that which mapping(modulation) method was used ?

2.    In equation (1), Es is given as the power of transmitted symbol. Can you how to determine the power.

3.    In equation (2), what is the value of fq and what are 4 values of hl and what is the value of θ0 (original phase).

4.    In equation (5), what are the values of ym(i+j+Nd), if (i+j+Nd )>(Nc+Nd), are they assigned to zeros?

5.    What is the value of σn2.

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