Dear Evens. Climate change is science and technology, but it's also mostly about politics.

In one word gloomy future

Hello Evens; Think direct commercial impact to large fisheries and coral reefs as the catalysts...if there will be any effective response from nations. The nuances of the causes are invisible in the short-term and subtle in the mechanisms. Those are not the kinds of things that politicians are moved by. The very spotty response to the Covid-19 could serve as a model. I live in the USA where the national leadership has been an embarrassing catastrophe.

To effectively get a substantive response from governments, the message better be simple, direct and couched in commercial terms. Best hopes, Jim Des Lauriers

dear Evens. I think the problem of climate change is global. In addition, it affects almost all countries. This problem must be attacked globally and politically for all countries. the different COPs are starting to do it !!! ???

The situation is dire and will worsen to irreversible levels if nothing is done

Dear Abhijit Mitra , thank you for your answer. As you say it is a bleak future. However, we must take into account a set of uncertainties that there are in climate change scenarios.

IPCC experts have identified 3 main sources of uncertainty: (i) the climate itself, (ii) socio-economic scenarios, and (iii) models (our knowledge of the earth system.

Knutti and Masson (2013) published a very beautiful paper, in which they studied the evolution of the performance of the models.

Dear colleagues Abhijit Mitra , James Des Lauriers , A. Kettab , Joan Nyika , et Ilan Kelman I very much appreciate your contributions to this discussion and thank you for them.

Dear Abhijit Mitra , please follow this link

Article Climate model genealogy: Generation CMIP5 and how we got there

At the UN summit in Copenhagen in 2009 affluent countries denied calls to directly compensate poorer nations harmed by their carbon emissions. However a milestone was reached at the Paris Conference in 2015 agreed to channel $100 billion a year to these countries to help them deal with climate change. However today all that is a thing of the past.Environmental damage is too widespread and global warming has move to the next level. The UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change declared that now it would require an annual cash inflow of $2.4 Trillion until 2035 to limit temperature rise to below 1.5 °C from pre-industrial levels working just on energy. The National Academy of Sciences estimates that in the next 50 years one-third of all plant and animal species will be gone from the face of this earth.

Hello Jim (James Des Lauriers ), thank you for your relevant answer which once again puts the famous debate on the "Politics-Science" debate back into discussion within the scientific community. The example taken with the COVID-19 is a real object of research. Indeed, our researchers will have to come to question the most relevant methods to better approach the politicians. We have seen that COVID-19 gave confidence in scientific expertise over a very short period of time. However, when the question of resumption of economic activity arose in the debates, scientific discourse lost ground. It seems that everything that is not economic or commercial has no interest for politicians. Once again, all my thanks.

Dear Ahmed (A. Kettab ), you are absolutely right. It is a global phenomenon that affects all countries, regardless of their area, population density and economy. In order to manage and reduce risks, countries must act locally by drawing on the various international conventions, the IPCC reports and more particularly the Paris Agreement (COP 21).

Dear Joan Nyika , the situation is difficult. However, there are uncertainties that thanks to scientific research, researchers will eventually estimate and integrate them into risk calculations in order to better assess risks.

The reconstruction work carried out on climate variability during the medieval period by the Research Institute for Development (France) in collaboration with its South American partners shows that the changes observed today correspond perfectly with those of the period. All is not lost.

Dear Ilan Kelman , thank you for your important contribution and for sharing the literature on this issue. I very much appreciate your contribution.

Dear Sudip Debkuumar , excellent intervention. Thank you for this contribution. The situation is really complicated. The road to finding the means to mitigate and remedy, thanks to research and development actions, is really long and uncertain.

Dear Evens. Climate change is science and technology, but it's also mostly about politics.

Of course dear Ahmed. In addition, at the scientific level there are several researchers in political science who work on adaptation to climate change. The contribution of colleagues in the humanities and social sciences is very relevant and brings a new understanding of climate change.

Let me share with you the following link:

Chapter Governing Drylands Through Environmental Mainstreaming: How ...

Dear fellow researchers,Sudip Debkuumar , A. Kettab your relevant contributions to this discussion are greatly appreciated. Thank you for your contributions.

Dear Evens Emmanuel, Yes, the scale of the current extinction of both terrestrial and marine species of flora and fauna suggests that in the perspective of the end of the 21st century, the Earth's biosphere will reduce its biodiversity to a very large extent, comparable to the largest natural and climatic disasters, extinctions of species that occurred several times millions of years ago since the beginning of life on the planet Earth. If the process of pollution of the oceans with plastic and other wastes is not stopped and the adverse climate changes for the Earth's biosphere continue, including the increasingly faster global warming process, most flora and fauna species will die by the end of the 21st century and the biodiversity of the biosphere will be seriously impoverished. In order to prevent this from happening, it is necessary to urgently implement the principles of sustainable development, social environmental (ecological) responsibility, pro-ecological reforms of implementing eco-innovations in economic processes, including, inter alia, a pro-ecological transformation of the energy sector through the development of renewable energy sources, development of ecological technologies in the transport sector, electromobility, improvement of waste segregation and recycling techniques, development of ecological agriculture, cleaning the oceans of plastic and other pollutants, etc. the next decade, it is necessary to quickly carry out the pro-ecological transformation of the traditional brown economy into a sustainable blue economy / green economy / circular economy. I described the issues of the above-mentioned pro-ecological transformation of the economy in one of my articles on the Research Gate portal. I invite you to research cooperation on this issue, which is important for future generations and the biosphere of planet Earth. Best wishes, All the best, Stay healthy!

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Funding is crucial for such an important focus area of research.

L’économie bleue est devenue depuis quelques années un sujet d’actualité scientifique et politique à l’échelle internationale, régionale, mais aussi nationale, voire locale. Elle comporte des avantages économiques, sociaux et environnementaux. Ce triptyque reflète d’ailleurs les objectifs du développement

durable (ODD), qui sont désormais les principaux instruments dans ce domaine, notamment l’ODD 14, sur la vie aquatique, qui vise à « conserver et exploiter de manière durable les océans, les mers et les ressources marines aux fins du développement durable ». Concept introduit par Gunter Pauli, l’économie bleue se veut une écologie industrielle bio-inspirée2 ou une économie circulaire rentable basée sur les

flux de connaissances cherchant à modifier fondamentalement la micro-, la méso- et la macroéconomie. Cette nouvelle conception du monde, qui cherche des solutions durables aux problèmes de développement, notamment dans les pays sous-développés, place la nature au centre.

Dans le contexte mauritanien, suivant les résultats scientifiques disponibles, ces activités intègrent déjà la pêche, le transport maritime, les communications (câbles sous-marins), l’exploitation des infrastructures portuaires, l’exploration et l’exploitation des hydrocarbures en mer, le dessalement de l’eau de mer et, dans une moindre mesure, la construction navale, le tourisme côtier et une aquaculture balbutiante. Environ 30 % de la population mauritanienne vit à moins de 100 km des côtes. Les deux principales villes du pays sont localisées sur cette côte. À elle seule, la pêche emploie directement plus de 60 000 personnes (40 % de l’emploi moderne) et génère environ un milliard de dollars américains à la première vente. La part de CO2 séquestrée annuellement par les écosystèmes marins du Parc national du Banc d’Arguin atteint 732 057 t éq CO2, soit 11 % des émissions de GES du pays (AFD, 2019).

Ces avantages économiques, sociaux, écologiques et environnementaux déjà importants peuvent encore être améliorés de façon substantielle si des programmes de recherches scientifiques cohérents et pluridisciplinaires sont élaborés et mis en oeuvre. Étant donné les faibles moyens techniques, humains et financiers disponibles, ces actions de recherche doivent s’orienter vers les aspects réellement prioritaires, arrêtés d’un commun accord avec tous les acteurs concernés. Des approches scientifiques appliquées aux domaines les plus prometteurs (transformation sur place des produits de pêche, énergie renouvelable, biotechnologie), à différentes échelles spatiales et temporelles, à de multiples niveaux de gouvernance et avec divers intervenants sont à privilégier. Ces aspects intègrent aussi les changements climatiques (réchauffement climatique, élévation du niveau de la mer, érosion côtière, acidification des océans, expansion des zones du minimum d’oxygène), la socioéconomie et la gouvernance, en plus de leurs interactions. C’est une étape cruciale pour éclairer les orientations politiques pour la prise de décision, la mise en oeuvre de l’économie bleue et l’évaluation de ses retombées économiques et sociales et de ses impacts négatifs.