When you say "optical components," you are just talking about the physical layer. Which means that most of the cryptographic protocols used in the Internet would equally apply to your situation.

The topic is broad. For one thing, because security protocols exist for the physical, data link, network, and transport layer (actually ends up being the application layer).

You might want to start by reading RFC 4301, then 4303, to get the network layer schemes, and RFC 5246, for Transport Layer Security (TLS), which is probably the most widespread. You can find all of the RFCs here:

http://www.ietf.org/rfc.html

Use the "RFC search page" link.

Once you have gained some familiarity with these layer 3 and above schemes, you can also look into layer 2 security, colloquially called MACsec. That's documented in IEEE 802.1AE, which you can find here:

http://standards.ieee.org/about/get/802/802.1.html

I think you'll find that the security protocols will differ, but mostly they all end up using the same cryptographic algorithms (AES being one popular favorite of recent times).

Then, if you want to get creative, you might look into stream ciphers:

http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/ST/CETA_2011/presentations/turan.pdf

Write and experiment with your own!

 Thank you professor 

There are a few papers describing all optical crypto specifically, exploiting optics to do encryption rather than using routine crypto as part of an optical architecture (which is no different than implementing crypto elsewhere, but shipping it over fiber optics, and similar things).

Special issues in the area of "optical crypto" see:

https://arxiv.org/abs/1610.01315

See also:

https://www.osapublishing.org/ao/abstract.cfm?uri=ao-42-32-6496

and this (and its references): https://www.osapublishing.org/DirectPDFAccess/DB41E1DB-A378-1551-F446A9E1429CB770_213324/oe-19-10-9008.pdf?da=1&id=213324&seq=0&mobile=no

I hope this is helpful..

prof.Albert Manfredi  has give you  a good answer