- Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy is an important method for characterising membrane protein structure and stability. It can provide information not only on the secondary structure of proteins in amphiphiles, but also on the thermal stability of membrane proteins in these environments.
- Thermal shift assay (TSA) is a technique used both for protein stability and ligand Kd measurements. Here, we review the principles of the TSA and describe the advantages and limitations of its use for protein-ligand affinity measurements. The TSA is a very powerful technique to determine protein-ligand affinity because it accurately measures over an extremely large dynamic range of affinities from milimolar to picomolar in a single experiment.