Often proxies are used such as housing permits and employment to characterize population demography. See work by colleagues Jack Baker and Adelamar Alcantara in RG. Other techniques such as night time satellite images showing illumination levels to indicate population have also been used.

Srini Vasan Thank you so much

Is it possible to indicate the title of the colleagues' study,

Or study link?

Mr. Bakr

Go to Jack Baker's profile. You can find his link in one of our joint applications. Look for the articles staring with

1. "Sub-county population estimates using administrative records..."

And book chapters

2. "Forecasting other characteristics...

3. "Basic demographic concepts...

4. "Sources of demographic... information

Please see the following link

Article The demographic impact and development benefits of meeting d...

Too thanks Srini Vasan

Too thanks Raya Al-Naimi