To identify and treat volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in wastewater, start with collecting representative samples in sealed glass containers without headspace, stored at 4°C to prevent VOC loss. Analyze samples using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for precise identification and quantification of VOCs like benzene, toluene, or chlorinated solvents, or use headspace analysis, purge-and-trap, or solid-phase microextraction (SPME) for extraction before GC-MS. Ensure accuracy with internal standards and regular calibration. For treatment, air stripping transfers high-volatility VOCs to the gas phase, often followed by activated carbon adsorption to capture them, while advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) like UV/hydrogen peroxide degrade recalcitrant VOCs into harmless compounds. Aerobic or anaerobic biodegradation works for biodegradable VOCs like BTEX or chlorinated solvents, respectively, using specialized microorganisms. Thermal incineration destroys VOCs in concentrated streams but is energy-intensive. Hybrid systems, combining air stripping with adsorption or AOPs with biodegradation, enhance efficiency. Monitor post-treatment with GC-MS to ensure compliance with regulations, and consider cost, safety, and VOC-specific characteristics when selecting methods.