Sajeev, you always ask difficult questions. Engage your research supervisors too.

Dear Sanjeev

You always can measure temperaturę dependence of magnetization at low external magnetic field (0.01T). If you do it, ferro- and paramagnetic state are clearly visible. In both samples hysteresis loop is observed, so they are in ferromagnetic state.  In case of the hysteresis loop from P-25-wt-RT.pdf file, I see there also diamagnetic component. You can try to measure only magnetizatoin of sample holder from your magnetometer and then calculate difference between holder and sample magnetization.

Good luck

paramagnetic materials are linear and therefore media do not have hysteresis cycles.

after the "sanjeev-P-25 BL LT MH.pdf" your material is ferromagnetic, which is initially aimenté since the first magnetization curve curve does not pass through the point (H = 0, M = 0) heat your samples then allowed to cool fire spontaneously then redo mesurs.

I hope you find good results.

you can contact me at any time.

good luck

Dear Sanjeev,

Your materials contain a major anatase part but also rutile and probably some so called « amorphous TIOx ». So the response of both your samples cannot be exactly the same since the proportions of anatase/rutile/amorphous are not the same.

However, your magnetic experiments reveal that the first one corresponds to the sum of a major diamagnetic + a very weak ferro component that saturates at ~ 40 10-6 emu. The second data reveals a paramagnetic signal ° a weak ferro contribution that saturates at 500 10-6 emu (applied field being  1 T).

In my opinion, both these data reveal trace of some impurities.

If I turn to precise chemical analysis made by Degussa on their “pure” P25, it is said that the impurities are e.g. 15 ppm Mn (other impurities are Si, Al etc…, all not leading to a magnetic contribution).    15 ppm = 15 10-6, so multiplied by a few tens emu of a ferro component.. this seems consistent with you data…

If I consider that magnetism could be related to Mn (oxide) the only ferromagnetic oxide is Mn3O4 but with a Curie temperature of 45 K.

So I believe that your magnetic signal should arise from some Mn-Ti-Ox combination, not from a simple binary Mn oxide.

Please consider the paper by Z.J. Wang, J. K. Tang, Chen et al.   …on RT ferromagnetism in Mn doped TiO2 thin film     in JAP 95, 7384 (2004).. So you can get some part of response to your question…

If you need more concerning the form of your experimental traces, we can continue discussing, but a part of the previous answers have already answered correctly…

Good Luck

Daniel

Dear Sanjeev,

I`m agree  with the clues of Mr. Fruchart.

The magnetic behaviour of yours probes results from different compositions und due to impurities.

Best regards

Bernd Halbedel