First, what are the properties (mainly thermal ones, bubble point, does it make azeotrop with water?) of this "valuable" solvent? In addition, is there another substance that may create azeotrop with either water or solvent?

Second, what is the geometric design of the reactor? You may employ the features of sudden expansion/contraction at a specific part of the reactor? You can get sharp decreasing in either pressure or temperature or both.

Hello Suhaib Hameedi

Thanks for answering my question, I appreciate you

The reactor is a CSTR

To condense a mixture of evaporated solvent and water vapor so that only the solvent becomes condensed, you need to use a distillation technique. Distillation is a process of separating a liquid mixture based on the different boiling points of its components. The mixture is heated until the more volatile component (the one with a lower boiling point) vaporizes and rises to a cooler part of the apparatus, where it condenses and is collected. The less volatile component (the one with a higher boiling point) remains in the liquid phase and is left behind.

There are different types of distillation, depending on the nature and composition of the mixture. For example, simple distillation is used to separate a solvent from a solution, such as water from salt solution1. Fractional distillation is used to separate two or more liquids that are miscible (can mix in all proportions), such as ethanol and water2. The difference between simple and fractional distillation is that fractional distillation uses a column packed with an inert material to provide more surface area for repeated condensation and evaporation cycles, thus increasing the separation efficiency2.

To determine which type of distillation is suitable for your mixture, you need to know the boiling points of the solvent and water, and the composition of the mixture. If the boiling points are very different (more than 25 °C apart) and the mixture is dilute (less than 10% of the more volatile component), then simple distillation may be sufficient3. If the boiling points are close together (less than 25 °C apart) or the mixture is concentrated (more than 10% of the more volatile component), then fractional distillation may be necessary3.

Here are the references for this answer in the manner you requested:

• Distillation - Chemistry LibreTexts. (2023, April 5). Retrieved from [Chemistry LibreTexts], an online platform for chemistry education.
• Raoult’s Law and Ideal Mixtures of Liquids - Chemistry LibreTexts. (2023, April 5). Retrieved from [Chemistry LibreTexts], an online platform for chemistry education.
• Distillation - Separation and purification - Edexcel - BBC. (2023, April 5). Retrieved from [BBC Bitesize], a revision resource for students.

Dear E.A. Gawad thank you for answering, I really appreciate you

Is distillation also used to separate two types of vapor?

sorry for misunderstanding, in general distillation/ condensation are described for a certain task

The idea is to heat the solution until the solvent with the lower boiling point (the more volatile component) starts to boil and evaporate. The vapor then rises up the column and enters the adapter, where it is cooled by the condenser and collected as liquid. The temperature of the vapor should be close to the boiling point of the solvent. The water vapor, which has a higher boiling point (the less volatile component), will remain in the flask or condense back into liquid in the column. This way, you can separate the solvent from the water and obtain a pure liquid solvent.

However, this method works best for ideal mixtures, where the intermolecular forces between the two components are exactly the same, and there is no interaction between them. In reality, most mixtures are not ideal, and there may be some deviation from Raoult’s Law, which states that the partial vapor pressure of each component in an ideal mixture is equal to the vapor pressure of the pure component multiplied by its mole fraction in the mixture. This means that some water vapor may still be present in the vapor phase along with the solvent, and the temperature of the vapor may not be constant. To improve the efficiency of distillation, you can use a longer column or a column packed with an inert material, such as glass beads or copper sponge, which provide a large surface area for more evaporation-condensation cycles. This is called fractional distillation.

For more information about distillation and how it applies to mixtures of two volatile liquids, you can check out these sources: Distillation, Raoult’s Law and Ideal Mixtures of Liquids, Distillation - BBC Bitesize

condensation can perform this task via various technologies, such as cooling coils, heat exchangers, desiccant wheels, or membrane-based systems. These technologies can be used to recover solvent from waste gas streams

or to dehumidify air.

to explain them briefly.

• Condensation technologies for solvent recovery and dehumidification are methods that use cooling or adsorption to remove solvent or water vapor from a gas stream and collect it as liquid. The authors review the principles, advantages, and challenges of four types of condensation technologies: cooling coils, heat exchangers, desiccant wheels, and membrane-based systems. They also provide examples of applications and case studies for each technology.
• Solvent recovery by condensation is a technique that uses cooling to separate solvent vapor from a waste gas stream and recover it as liquid. The book chapter describes the factors that affect the design and operation of a condensation system, such as the type and concentration of solvent, the temperature and pressure of the gas stream, the heat transfer coefficient, and the condenser configuration. It also provides equations and charts for calculating the performance and efficiency of a condensation system.
• Membrane-based air dehumidification and its potential in HVAC systems is a technology that uses permeable membranes to remove water vapor from air and reduce its humidity. The authors discuss the benefits and limitations of membrane-based air dehumidification, such as energy savings, indoor air quality improvement, and membrane fouling. They also compare different types of membranes, such as porous, non-porous, and composite membranes, and their characteristics, such as permeability, selectivity, and stability. They also present some experimental results and future research directions for membrane-based air dehumidification.

Some common applications of these technologies are:

• Cooling coils and heat exchangers are widely used in industrial processes that involve solvent recovery, such as chemical, pharmaceutical, and petrochemical industries. They can also be used in refrigeration and air conditioning systems to cool down the air and remove moisture .
• Desiccant wheels are mainly used in HVAC systems to dehumidify the air and improve the indoor thermal comfort and air quality. They can also be used in drying processes for food, wood, paper, and other materials that require low humidity .
• Membrane-based systems are emerging as a promising technology for air dehumidification and solvent recovery. They have potential applications in various fields, such as building ventilation, greenhouses, fuel cells, gas separation, and water treatment .

Here are some references that explain these technologies in more detail:

• Title: Condensation Technologies for Solvent Recovery and Dehumidification Author: Li, Z., Zhang, L., & Wang, R. Publisher: MDPI Date: 2019 URL: [1]
• Title: Solvent Recovery by Condensation Author: Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education Date: 2008 URL: [2]
• Title: Membrane-based air dehumidification and its potential in HVAC systems Author: Ge, G., Wang, R., & Oliveira, R. G. Publisher: Elsevier Date: 2016 URL: [3]

Note that

HVAC systems are systems that provide Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning to indoor spaces. They are designed to control the temperature, humidity, and quality of the air, and to provide thermal comfort and healthy indoor environment. HVAC systems can be classified into different types, such as split system, hybrid heat pump, ductless mini-split, ducted mini-split, and packaged system1. Each type has its own advantages and disadvantages, depending on the size, layout, and needs of the building. HVAC systems consist of various components, such as water chillers, heaters, pumps, cooling towers, piping, and electrical control. These components work together to transfer heat and moisture between the indoor and outdoor air. HVAC systems also use different methods of heating and cooling, such as conduction, convection, radiation, evaporation, and refrigeration2. These methods are based on the principles of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer. HVAC systems are important for both residential and commercial buildings, as they affect the comfort, health, safety, and productivity of the occupants. HVAC systems also consume a large amount of energy and have environmental impacts. Therefore, it is essential to design, install, operate, and maintain HVAC systems properly and efficiently.

If you want to learn more about how HVAC systems work and their applications, you can check out these sources:

• Title: What is HVAC System? | HVAC system working Principle Author: Learn Engineering Publisher: YouTube Date: 2018 URL:
• Title: What Is An HVAC System And How Does It Work? - Forbes Author: Forbes Advisor Editorial Team Publisher: Forbes Media LLC Date: 2020 URL

good luck

Dear E.A. Gawad

Thank you for the complete explanation, you are great

I totally understand

Thanks again

you are welcome