@ Anil, I think more carbon sequestration occurs through increased rates of photosynthesis via land-use practices such as reforestation and sustainable forest management. You may plant more Oak trees, as oak is the most efficient carbon capturing tree.

Anil Kumar For reestablisment of Himalyan forests for their sequestration I would suggest using no more 10% of any species in the replanting. I would suggest selecting species which have both a biological nitrogen fiixing capacity and are highly mycorrhizal.

Secondly the transplant seedings will be produced with inoculatioation of the beneficial symbiants.

Thirdly I would suggest the soil conditions for the reestablishment be thoroughly assays to provide limiting factors to optimize the vigorous reestablismenent of the forested lands.

In terms of sequestration mycorrhizal and bionlogical nitrogen fiexers are critical as Nitrogen fertilization is very high in carbon footprint and Nitrogen fixation will thansfer Nitrogen from air to soil whicl the mycorrhial association transers the carbon from the plant to the soil sequestering carbon in both biomass and organic matter.

For the transplant a mixture of leave manure compost with vermicompost is recommended.

Soil anaylsis combined with folirar analysis will give optimized growth withn adjusted to the proper balance.

F

Large scale afforestation especially in barren and degraded lands will work.

Paul Reed Hepperly , Thanks, sir, for such insight and enlightenment rationale. Scientists are contriving numerous efforts towards biodiversity conservation, even then, so we are far from ground reality. The legacy behind is that the scientific recommendations are not following appropriately by Government policy markers. I think there is significant skew in the whole administration dimension. In the biodiversity conservation apprehension, I think there is a lack of proper coordination and harmony between the scientific society, administrative officeholders, policymakers, forest department Government and the public because, at the ground level, the reality is absolutely different. Recently, I visited five wildlife sanctuaries, and the biodiversity status is very worst and consistently shrinking. There is nothing at these places like a sanctuary. I do not know precisely how will have deal with this shunned manipulation.

J. C. Tarafdar Thanks, sir, for such perspicuity and refinement explanation

Anil Kumar

Focus on the soil as the soil improves so does the bioversity.

If you do some soil analysis it will pinpoint areas of most concern.

The soil condition can be monitored and adjustments made as need.

The reason I stress plant diversity is because of the disease and pest issues in monocultures.

In relation to the mycorhizae they can be inoculated from diverse species also.

Mixtures are also recommended for the biological nificers which can be used.

The establishment of trees are favored by organic amendment and the planting in the most apprppriate seasons for establishment.

Reforestation is the best way to increase carbon sequestration. In IHR there are many ridgetops which are barren and remain covered with grass species and herbs reforestation in these places with suitable or desire plants can be a imoactful for IHR.

Plantation of trees in barren or degraded lands greatly increase the amount of carbon sequestration potential ...broad leaf trees also accumulate more carbon; proper management of forests also plays major role for accelerating biomass in forests.

Improving soil conditions in the Indian Himalayan forest ecosystem is one of the best ways to increase the amount of carbon sequestration because the soil is the largest sink (more than 58%) of carbon.

Trees that grow in mountainous environments are very difficult to grow outside of their favourite hillside or esker. But, still, I bet you will find some comparable analyses of alpine and boreal forests.

Always pay close attention to insect, fungus, and moss. Leaf biomass can fall off of trees and turn back into carbon dioxide within a year. But if the leaf littler is eaten, that carbon dioxide can travel from insects to (chomp) birds (chomp) mammals to (chomp) bigger mammals to (x_x) bacteria and fungi to (chomp) plants and insects....for several years, before escaping back into the atmosphere.

Since the many Himalayan biomes depend on altitudes, direction of sunlight, we know that gravity plays a major part. I will guess that Himalayan lifeforms try to push themselves upward, toward light, precipitation, and soil. Meanwhile, water and wind and gravity push the whole biomass downward and downstream. There will be a lot of carbon dioxide that enters the Himalayan biomass at high altitudes and then exists from downstream water, far away from the mountains.

So, that means sequestering HImalayan carbon dioxide might not happen in the mountains themselves. Maybe, for example, the government of Bhutan could do their best sequestering efforts far downstream, in the lowlands of one of their neighbouring countries.

On the other hand, maybe Bhutan has a advantage that most countries do not: Access to high altitude carbon. Imagine if they could build huge webs of sequestering material between mountain peaks, like growing gigantic vines. those vines could inhale the carbon dioxide and other carbon molecules emitted by every country, and pull them from the upper atmosphere! Maybe everyone else should invest in high-altitude vine farms in Bhutan!!!

For a really good discussion of high-altitude pollution and its affects on the entire world, as well as carbon sequestration in ice and snow, see this book:

https://www.amazon.ca/Right-Be-Cold-Protecting-Culture/dp/0670067105

^Invite that author to give a lecture. She is fantastic.

Focus on getting ph correct and also addition of compost on young trees and encouraging nitrogen fixating plant species

Paul Reed Hepperly Can we control mountain biome ph during the rapid rate glaciers are melting?

Are there nitrogen fixating plant species that can live on receding glacier edges, at high altitudes?