Sugar and/or fructose is very commonly found in drinks and other beverages, which is utilized from much of the populations in the world, so what are its beneficial and what should be done for its guidance to stop different chronic diseases like diabetes.
Dear Abdul,
I hope you find these research materials useful.
James
References:
Lustig, R.H., Schmidt, L.A. & Brindis, C.D. (2012). The toxic truth about sugar. Nature, 482, 27-29. http://www.environmentportal.in/files/file/sugar.pdf
Ifland, et al (2009). Refined food addiction: A classic substance use disorder. Medical Hypotheses.72, 518–526. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Wendell_Taylor/publication/24021108_Refined_food_addiction_A_classic_substance_use_disorder/links/550b6ea00cf265693cef7a9c.pdf
Avena et al (2008). Evidence for sugar addiction: Behavioral and neurochemical effects of intermittent, excessive sugar intake. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 32(1), 20–39. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2235907/?&sa=U&ei=9ickVPqqEMi_ygPm14KoAw&ved=0CEUQFjAI&usg=AFQjCNErU766kM80sBTkc55HfZ9O-jNo9Q
Simopoulos, A.P., Bourne, P.G. & Faergeman, O. (2013). Bellagio Report on Healthy Agriculture, Healthy Nutrition, Healthy People. Nutrients, 5(2), 411-423. http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/5/2/411/htm
Gearhardt, et al (2009). Food Addiction An Examination of the Diagnostic Criteria for Dependence. Journal of Addiction Medicine. 3(1), 1-7.
http://fastlab.psych.lsa.umich.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/GearhardtCorbinBrownell_FoodAddiction-AnExaminationDiagnosticCriteriaDependence_2009.pdf
Lustig, R.H. (2013). Fructose: It’s “Alcohol Without the Buzz.” Advances in Nutrition. 4, 226–235. http://advances.nutrition.org/content/4/2/226.full.pdf+html
Tappy, L. (2012). Q&A: 'Toxic' effects of sugar: should we be afraid of fructose? BMC Biology.10(42), 1-7. https://bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1741-7007-10-42?site=bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com
Thornley, S., McRobbie, H. & Jackson, G. (2010). The New Zealand sugar (fructose) fountain: time to turn the tide? The New Zealand Medical Journal. 123(1311). https://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/read-the-journal/all-issues/2010-2019/2010/vol-123-no-1311/view-thornley
O’Callaghan, T. (2014). Sickly sweet: The dark side of our sugar hit. New Scientist. 221(2954). 34-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0262-4079(14)60237-2
Miller, R.P. (2010). Nutrition in Addiction Recovery. http://mhof.net/sites/default/files/Addiction%20and%20Recovery%20Report.pdf
Ahmed et al (2013). Sugar addiction: pushing the drug-sugar analogy to the limit. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care.16, 434–439. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Serge_Ahmed/publication/236967373_Sugar_addiction_Pushing_the_drug-sugar_analogy_to_the_limit/links/02e7e51dab5fbc2754000000.pdf
Article Refined food addiction: A classic substance use disorder
Article Sugar addiction: Pushing the drug-sugar analogy to the limit
Dear James Shanahan, these articles are very essential and related to subjects, thanks for your precious time.
Dear Abdul,
This is a very interesting area. I work as a nurse in mental health where I often encounter people with mental illness and diabetes.
I found Systematic Reviews on the topic. James.
Resources:
Malik et al (2006). Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review. American Jounal of Clinical Nutrition. 84(2), 274-288. http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/84/2/274.full.pdf+html
Vartanian et al (2007). Effects of Soft Drink Consumption on Nutrition and Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. American Journal of Public Health. 97(4): 667–675. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.083782
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1829363/
Sievenpiper et al (2012). Effect of Fructose on Body Weight in Controlled Feeding Trials A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine. 156, 291-304. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Russell_De_Souza/publication/269918856_Effect_of_Fructose_on_Body_Weight_in_Controlled_Feeding_Trials/links/54bd3c9c0cf218da9391ac82.pdf
Te Marenga et al (2014). Dietary sugars and cardiometabolic risk: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of the effects on blood pressure and lipids. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1-15. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.081521.
Te Marena et al (2012). Dietary sugars and body weight: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and cohort studies. BMJ. 1-25. BMJ 2012;345:e7492 doi: 10.1136/bmj.e7492
http://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/346/bmj.e7492.full.pdf
Rennie, K.L. & Livingstone, M.B. (2007). Associations between dietary added sugar intake and micronutrient intake: a systematic review. British Journal of Nutrition. 97, 832–841. http://uhra.herts.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/2299/2882/903183.pdf%3Bjsessionid%3D2086B4F977476101477C9A034032D5F2?sequence%3D1
Greenwood et al (2014). Association between sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened soft drinks and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and dose – response meta-analysis of prospective studies. British Journal of Nutrition, 1-10. doi:10.1017/S0007114514001329
http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/79489/2/Greenwood%20et%20al%20BJN%202014.pdf
Ismail et al (2004). Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of psychological interventions to improve glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. The Lancet. 363, 1589-1597.
http://www.coping.us/images/BM_2004_Type_2_Diabetes_Psych_Interventions.pdf
Ebbeling et al (2012). A Randomized Trial of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Adolescent Body Weight. The New England Journal of Medicine. 367, 1407-1416. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1203388
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmoa1203388#t=article
Malik et al (2008). Sugar-sweetened beverages and BMI in children and adolescents: reanalyses of a meta-analysis. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 89(1), 438-439. http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/89/1/438.long
Cairns, G., Angus, K., Hastings, G. & Caraher, M. (2013). Systematic reviews of the evidence on the nature, extent and effects of food marketing to children. A retrospective summary. Appetite, 62, pp. 209-215. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2012.04.017
http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/7853/9/SLR_Appetite_28-1.3.12%20MC.pdf
Powell et al (2013). Assessing the Potential Effectiveness of Food and Beverage Taxes and Subsidies for Improving Public Health: A Systematic Review of Prices, Demand and Body Weight Outcomes. Obesity Review. 14(2): 110–128. doi:10.1111/obr.12002.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3556391/pdf/nihms431016.pdf
Vermunt et al (2003). Effects of sugar intake on body weight: a review. Obesity Reviews. 4, 91-99. http://www.kenniscentrumsuiker.nl/images/downloads/obesityreviews.pdf
Malik et al (2010). Sugar-Sweetened Beverages, Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk. Circulation. 121, 1356-1364. http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/121/11/1356
WHO. (2015). WHO calls on countries to reduce sugars intake among adults and children. (Media Centre). http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2015/sugar-guideline/en/
WHO. Search: Sugar and Obesity.
http://search.who.int/search?q=obesity+and+sugar&spell=1&ie=utf8&site=who&client=_en_r&proxystylesheet=_en_r&output=xml_no_dtd&access=p&lr=lang_en
Drug-based therapies have been proposed to enhance the activity of BAT in metabolically challenged individuals where diet and exercise regimen alone is not sufficient to promote the metabolic activity of BAT. These include chemical uncouplers such as dinitrophenol, which was used extensively but is associated with complications such as hyperthermia and has since been banned. Alternatively, several groups demonstrated the effect of UCP1-specific activators and other futile cycles that may provide metabolic benefit within a tolerable safety profile. This is evidenced by the directed release of mitochondrial protonophores that can improve insulin resistance, diabetes, hypertriglyceridaemia and hepatic steatosis by safely uncoupling in the liver of rats. Other drugs include beta-3 selective adrenergic agonist CL-316,243 that can potently activate brown and beige fat in rodents and is known to improve insulin action in human clinical trials.Currently, acute dosage of Mirabegron, a drug that has been used to treat an overactive urinary bladder, has been shown to activate brown fat. Mirabegron is therefore a candidate in consideration for a putative drug under the condition that its effect is constant upon chronic dosing and without adverse cardiovascular side effects. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), well-known PPARg agonists, are known to cause browning of white fat by stabilizing PR domain containing 16 (PRDM16), a transcriptional co-regulator of the early brown fat differentiation program. However, they also have a rather negative impact such as weight gain, fluid retention and cardiovascular events, reducing interest in their use. Additional molecules of interest include bone morphogenetic proteins such as BMP7 and BMP8b, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) and natriuretic peptides, and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21). However, these molecules have pleiotropic effects, underscoring the importance of delineating signaling and transcriptional pathways both upstream and downstream of the targeted factor. The following sections will therefore focus on key signaling and gene regulatory modules and mechanisms as well as highlight putative ‘druggable’ targets.
Green tea, for instance, contains caffeine and remarkable quantities of catechin-polyphenols (notably epigallocathechin gallate). These molecules interact to induce 24 h energy expenditure and fat oxidation, thereby implicating them as effective activators of sympathetically mediated thermogenesis.Similarly, ginger, with its bioactive constituents gingerols and shogaols, was shown to enhance the thermic effect of food. Although it was reported that ginger-supplemented high-fat diet fed rats presented lower insulin, glucose and lipids versus the control rats no such effect was observed in an equivalent study conducted in humans
1. Aeberli I, Gerber PA, Hochuli M, Kohler S, Haile SR, Gouni-Berthold I, Berthold HK, Spinas GA, Berneis K: Low to moderate sugar-sweetened beverage consumption impairs glucose and lipid metabolism and promotes inflammation in healthy young men: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2011, 94:479-485.
2. Bizeau ME, Pagliassotti MJ: Hepatic adaptations to sucrose and fructose. Metabolism 2005, 54:1189-1201. Bray GA, Nielsen SJ, Popkin BM: Consumption of high-fructose corn syrup in beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity. Am JClin Nutr 2004, 79:537-543.
3. Dolan LC, Potter SM, Burdock GA: Evidence-based review on the effect of normal dietary consumption of fructose on blood lipids and body weight of overweight and obese individuals. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2010, 50:889-918.
4. Lustig, R.H., Schmidt, L.A. & Brindis, C.D. (2012). The toxic truth about sugar. Nature, 482, 27-29.
5. Ifland, et al (2009). Refined food addiction: A classic substance use disorder. Medical Hypotheses.72, 518–526.
6. Avena et al (2008). Evidence for sugar addiction: Behavioral and neurochemical effects of intermittent, excessive sugar intake. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 32(1), 20–39.
The unique metabolic pathway of fructode metabolism by the enzyme fructokinase explains its connection with obesity and sugar addiction. The above references show you the details of its metabolic and addictive properties. I attach a paper that particularly discusses this and give some perspectives how to modify this trend.
Article Fructose: A Key Factor in the Development of Metabolic Syndr...
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