Integrated farming system (IFS) improves soil fertility and soil physical structure from appropriate crop rotation and using cover crops and organic compost. It also minimizes the nutrient losses. It reduces weeds, insect pests and diseases through appropriate crop rotation. The backbone of an integrated system is the herd of ruminants which graze a pasture to build up the soil. Eventually, sufficient soil organic matter builds up to the point where crops can be supported. Animal can also be used for farm operations and transport. The IFS play a major role in biodiversity conservation through adoption of diversified cropping system and through integration of indigenous livestock breeds. IFS also played important role in improving soil organic carbon from 0.75 to 0.82%. IFS as a mixed farming system that consists of at least two separate but logically interdependent parts of a crop and livestock enterprises. IFS helps in improving the soil health, weed and pest control, increase water use efficiency and maintains water quality. Millets are collective group of small seeded annual grasses that are grown as grain crops, primarily on marginal land in dry areas of temperate, sub tropical and tropical regions. Millets are dual-purpose crops. It is cultivated both as food & fodder, thus providing food/livelihood security to millions of households and contributing to the economic efficiency of farming. Millets contribute to mitigating climate change as it helps reduce the atmospheric carbon pressure CO2.

Millets and livestock base integrated farming system reduces weeds, insect pests and diseases through appropriate crop rotation. The backbone of an integrated system is the herd of ruminants which graze a pasture to build up the soil. Eventually, sufficient soil organic matter builds up to the point where crops can be supported. Sustainable agriculture is farming in sustainable ways meeting society's present food and textile needs, without compromising the ability for current or future generations to meet their needs. It can be based on an understanding of ecosystem services. Building healthy soil and preventing erosion managing water wisely and minimizing air and water pollution.

Millets and livestock can form the basis of an integrated farming system that can help promote sustainable agriculture production in several ways. Here are some of the ways this system can be beneficial:

Overall, an integrated farming system that includes millets and livestock can help promote sustainable agriculture production by improving soil health, conserving water, promoting nutrient cycling, supporting livelihoods, and promoting biodiversity.

Dear Fayaz Hussain thank you for your contribution to the discussion