Apparently, your question is how quickly the knowledge obtained by a graduate of a university (institute) becomes obsolete. For example, if a specialist graduated from a university 15 years ago, can he adequately work in his specialty?
It seems to me that everything depends on the quality of the education received and the desire to constantly improve their qualifications and is in the topic of modern research in its section. Apparently, there are no restrictions for the basic sciences.
For engineering specialties, periodic professional retraining is required at the Institute of advanced training every 10-15 years. This is due to the rapid change of devices, the element base, the emergence of new materials and research methods.