According to Ives and Carpenter (2007), ecological stability of an environ can be described in multiple perspectives. It may be described only in terms of its ability  to withstand or bounce back from a disturbance disregarding the number of its alternative stable states. It can also be described only in terms of its ability to return to its primary stable state. I am after which definition of ecological stability is most applicable to an urban ecosystem, considering the level of disturbance it has. 

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