Dear Mohammad,

I think that indicators for resilience and vulnerability could be used for the measurement. Probably you will have to develop some indicators which are feasible and sufficient for your fisheries subject, but very likely some coastal indicators as given in the attached documents will be part of the indicator set.

Best regards,

Petra

 Dear Petra and Kenneth,

Thanks a lot for your advise.

Sincerely-Mohammad

Dear Mohammad

I am enclosing some paper for your ref. May not directly dealing the fishing communities, however provide some help.

Regards

Article Socio-ecological Vulnerability of Smallholders due to Climat...

Article Empirical assessment of adaptation to climate change impact ...

Thanks a lot Rajiv Pandey for the articles.

One could analyse vulnerability in general and vulnerability to particular hazards, such as cyclones, seasonal aspects of fishing, etc. Issues are that fisheries has always been with uncertainties and fisherfolk had developed measures against these uncertainties; the question is also, if as a result of climate and other changes exposure to risks, stress have become this strong that old ways to cope do not work any longer.

In studies I conducted in South India in the 1990s and early 2000s it became clear that fishing communities have sophisticated financial systems (e.g. chit funds) which enabled them to bridge times when income from fisheries was not possible. Also the working of social capital at times helped a lot.  Another way to adapt to unfavorable situations by diversifiing livelihoods, meaning in this particular case to find ways out of fishing that help to complement income / livelihoods from fishing.

Having said this I think that a suitable method to analyse resilience in fishing communities is analysing the livelihood system, the endowment with various livelihood capitals. Such analysis should take change (climate change, changes arising from hazards) as crucial element. Here of course lies the weakest point of analysis as the impacts of change usually cannot be fully and exactly predicted, but it should be possible to narrow potential risks down.

I reflected on such changes from the perspective of the 2004 tsunami in the Indian Ocean, which also meant a severe shock / stress for fishing communities all over the Bay of Bengal / major parts of the Indian Ocean.

Thanks a lot Eberhard.

The term resilience has been popular in multiple disciplines for several decades, and there are thousands of definitions especially from the food security perspective but it is now commonly used within the field of climate change and disaster risk management, with definitions: The ability of a social or ecological system to absorb disturbances while retaining the same basic structure and ways of functioning, the capacity for self-organization, and the capacity to adapt to stress and change (IPCC, 2014).

The capacity of a social-ecological system to anticipate, mitigate, absorb, adapt and transform withstand perturbations and other songstress such that the system remains within the same regime, essentially maintaining its structure and functions and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its essential basic structures and functions (http://www.resalliance.org/key-concepts). From this definition and other supportive literature the researcher developed five major resilience dimensions or capacities which are anticipation, mitigation, absorptive, adaptive and trans formative with multiple indicators under each resilience dimensions. And the model which will be preferable to address this object is

there for since resilience is multidimensional and system level you can develop indicators at different levels such as:

1. Anticipative

2. Mitigative

3. Absorbative

4.Adaptive and

5Transformative finally you can measure based on the resilience index method