Are Mark/Marc the same name spelled differently? How do call them from the terminological viewpoint? Homophonic forenames? Cognates from Latin Marcus? What are they? What about Steven and Stephen?
What if Marc is not an English word at all? Marc is actually the Welsh spelling of Mark. So in terms of the question, are they English homophones? I don’t think so. Homophones, but not English homophones.
What about Shaun/Sean then? Or even Seaghán, Seón, Shaun, Shawn, Seann, Seaghán, Shaine, Sean? The name is Irish, the various spellings appear to be transliterations into English of Seaghán. Alternative spellings are just that, not homophones?
I have no doubts about Gene / Jean which are a genuine homophone. One is Masculine, the other feminine. Those are not alternative spellings. Similarly, Jean may be pronounced as Gene or as Jan (similar to the French) and is a genuine homograph. As a masculine it may even (exceptionally) be pronounced John, and is still a homograph.
I think that the problem is cultural, and it is arbitrary then; linguists have solved the problem by THE ROMATIZATION OF NAMES? THEY PROPOSE A UNIVERSAL SPELLING SHAPE (STANDARD). take the case of the sound /f/ in French/ sometimes it takes the spelling "ph" like in the following words: telephone, pharmacie, photo,,phobie,........ etc
this point makes learning French vocabumary spelling more annoying for begginers , isn't it?
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