Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies around the world.

Roland Robertson, professor of sociology at University of Aberdeen, an early writer in the field, defined globalization in 1992 as: the compression of the world and the intensification of the consciousness of the world as a whole.

Sociologists Martin Albrow and Elizabeth King define globalization as: all those processes by which the peoples of the world are incorporated into a single world society.

In The Consequences of Modernity, Anthony Giddens uses the following definition: Globalization can thus be defined as the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa.

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) identified four basic aspects of globalization: trade and transactions, capital and investment movements, migration and movement of people and the dissemination of knowledge. Further, environmental challenges such as climate change, cross-boundary water, air pollution, and over-fishing of the ocean are linked with globalization. Globalizing processes affect and are affected by business and work organization, economics, socio-cultural resources, and the natural environment.

Globalization is deeply controversial, however. Proponents of globalization argue that it allows poor countries and their citizens to develop economically and raise their standards of living, while opponents of globalization claim that the creation of an unfettered international free market has benefited multinational corporations in the Western world at the expense of local enterprises, local cultures, and common people. Resistance to globalization has therefore taken shape both at a popular and at a governmental level as people and governments try to manage the flow of capital, labor, goods, and ideas that constitute the current wave of globalization.

To find the right balance between benefits and costs associated with globalization, citizens of all nations need to understand how globalization works and the policy choices facing them and their societies.

Thinking globally and acting locally. the globalization concept became glocalization. If you want to conquer the world you think custom, customs of each locality and adapt our products to their application. This concept has taken a decisive turn for Stabucks is obliged to give the asia instead of coffee Nissan is forced to adapt to the needs of the U.S. market.

Globalization is a BIG socity

The key decision, taken at least a decade ago, was to open the marketplaces to many countries (as China) to sell without paying any toll; it means to make free the international trade without setting any value/quantities constraints.

Globalization could means open big markets, big opportunities, international collaboration, mass production and best use of resources.....

Actually, these benefits are monopoly for those who call for globalization, who set the rules of the game, who create the opportunities and design it to fit with their interests. which create new global situation in which big countries get bigger, richness, and a world-wide dominant, and increase the suffering of the world.

I think Globalization is the new mechanism used by the G8 countries to protect their interests and to increase their world-wide dominance.

This publication sheds light on Globalisation and its implications. It is also very referenced in many studies (even in my MBA)! :)

Pieterse, Jan Nederveen. "Globalisation as hybridisation." International Sociology 9.2 (1994): 161-184.

Best Regards,

Mark

Hello Samer;

While agreeing to Hasan's views (as above), I would suggest the researcher fraternity to view the term (Globalization), from context-specific (and from a research point of view, as a "Concept" or "Construct". Is it just in general (meaning), or 'globalization as an internationalization process', for a 'firm' or a 'product' or even a new marketable 'concept'..? Can we think of some associated 'measurable variables' for this concept/ term (Globalization)? This way the researcher can perhaps have his need specific definition.

One can find many good/ relevant literature to this good point raised by Samer. Ifound the following to be useful:

1.‘Globalization and International Education’, Arnove, Robert F, Comparative Education Review. Feb2014, Vol. 58 (1), p174-176. 3p. [Book Review of: Globalization & International Education (Book)-by: SHIELDS, Robin

2.’The Origins of Globalization (review)’- by: Morley, Neville; Enterprise & Society. Vol. 12 Issue 1. 2011, p233-235. 3p

2011 [Moore, Karl. Origins of globalization- Lewis, David]- ISSN:1467-2235

[http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/enterprise_and_society/v012/12.1.morley01.html]

3. ‘Measuring globalization Existing methods and their implications for teaching Global Studies and forecasting’- by:

Zinkina, Julia; Korotayev, Andrey & Andreev, Aleksey I. [Campus -Wide Information Systems. 2013, Vol. 30 Issue 5, p321-339. 19p

4. ‘Measuring Globalization in the Context of Transition Process - The Case Of Western Balkan Countries’ – by: Tešić, Jelena1 [email protected]

Source: Economic Review: Journal of Economics & Business / Ekonomska Revija: Casopis za Ekonomiju i Biznis. May2012, Vol. 10 Issue 1, p33-46. 14p.

5. ‘Measuring The Degree Of Firms’ Internationalization At Their Early Stages Of International Commitment’; by: Maja Szymura-Tyc; Journal of Economics & Management; Vol.13, 2013.

Thanks.

I would argue that globalization is an ideologically-based and driven concept and is essentially a meta-narrative that is used to justify the desires of some powerful vested interests. Basically, globalisation is an extension the belief that capitalist firms now produce the vast majority of goods and services produced in the world (i.e., the commodification thesis) and extends this by arguing that this process of commodification is increasingly taking place within an open world economy in which firms operate in a de-regulated and seamless global marketplace. In this globalization thesis, it is a specific type of commodified economy that is becoming hegemonic and stretching its tentacles wider and deeper across the globe, namely unregulated or ‘free market’ capitalism. Regulated national and international capitalism is increasingly being replaced by unregulated global capitalism composed of hyper-mobile and homeless capital operating in a borderless world. Globalisation, of course, is therefore a manifestation of a neo-liberal economic ideology.

This, however, refers only to economic globalisation. There are also similar arguments that can be made about cultural globalisation and political globalisation for example

What do economists mean by “globalization”? Globalization is the process by which the whole world becomes a single market. This means that goods and services, capital, and labour are traded on a worldwide basis, and information and the results of research flow readily between countries.

This means: First and foremost: integration through international trade of markets in goods and services, as reflected in a variety of possible measures. These include direct measures of barriers, e.g., tariffs and transport costs; quantity-related measures of the result, i.e., trade volumes; and price-related measures of the result, i.e., the law of one price and other evidence of arbitrage. Next, financial integration through international trade in assets, again as reflected in a variety of possible criteria: direct measures of barriers, e.g., capital controls and transactions costs; quantity-related measures of the result, i.e., gross and net capital flows, portfolio shares, or consumption sharing; and price-related measures of the result, i.e., interest rate parity conditions and other evidence of arbitrage. Further down the list are foreign direct investment, increased trade in intermediate products (especially within multinational corporations), international outsourcing of services, and international movement of persons. Finally, some truly comprehensive definitions of globalization would include the international spread of ideas, from consumer tastes to intellectual ideas.

If we understand in short globalization is said to be there when it doesn't matter which country you belong when you are either a buyer or seller or an intermediary. As a seller u are able to sell everywhere, face competition from others who may belong to any country, manufacture in any country, use employees of any country and so on. A buyer you can buy a product that may br sold by anyone in any part of world and have more choices and so on

I have a friend whose mother is British, his father American, he was born in Hong Kong, lives in Spain and studies in Manchester. He is the most globally-minded individual I know...If this example reflects the social dimension of globalisation, then other dimensions such as economic and political might be the liable to similar types of goegraphical distribution components!

Dear Samer,

Globalizationrefers to the changing the local perspectives of business and commerce to a broader outlook of world with free transfer of capital and goods.

Dear Sayed Alam

An excellent answer which compliments my own one above but does so in a far more engaging manner than I could have ever achieved!

Well done

Colin

Like the first comment says, globalization has been turned into a form of commodification. Globalization also includes the concept of balance in the distributing that takes place across borders. However this is not in practise across nations. There is a form of duplication and distribution of ideologies from the west. The high level of imbalance makes the concept not just a difficult one to define but brings us to this significant question. Does GLOBALIZATION exist at all? 

Dear Researcher (and others following this question): In the project referenced below, which is in progress and will continue for some years, our view is that globalization is in a transition phase. Terms such as postglobal, transglobal, extra-planetary and similar are making their appearance, in research and in journalism. We, Romeo V. Turcan and I, with the help of some others, are analyzing these and more under the umbrella of "Late Globalization".

Project Link:

https://www.researchgate.net/project/Late-Globalization

Yes, I'm thinking very similar, but I'm using the name: new globalization (globalization XXI century with terrorism, illegal immigration, cyber-attack etc).

simply, globalization has an output that USA and China trade talk or war have influenced to the Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand and others stock markets in the world, it may be positive or negative.

Agree to others wise answer to define globalization. Most of the time cross border product and service flows are treated as an important measure of globalization.

A good and short definition has been proposed by Joseph Halevi at the end of 1990s: process of global privatization.

I do propose a new approach for globalization putting together in complementarity through the included middle the transdisciplinary concepts of gobalization and localization using the three semiophysical sequences space-wise („think globally and act locally” ), time-wise (“think long-term and act now”) and act-wise (“be aware that your act produces consequences globally and your thoughts are rooted locally”), The most representative definition I do agree considers globalization as „a process that encompasses the causes, course, and consequences of transnational and transcultural integration of human and non-human activities, as a historical process which engenders a significant shift in the spatial reach of networks and systems of social relations to transcontinental or inter-regional patterns of human organization, activity and the exercise of power“

Dear all,

From Chase-Dunn, C., Kawano, Y., Brewer, B. D. Trade globalization since 1795: Waves of integration in the world system // American Sociological Review. 2000. Vol. 65. P. 77–95 to

Verbeke, A., Coeurderoy, R., Matt, T. The future of international business research on corporate globalization that never was…// Journal of International Business Studies. 2018. Vol. 49. P. 1101–1112

the definition of globalization remains the same -- increased interdependence of nations.

You can look at the types of interdependence (dependence on international trade, dependence on FDI, dependence on foreign ideas (patents) and talents (planned and voluntary global mobility of people).

Of course, you always can find positive and negative sides of that phenomenon or its parts.

At the company or the planet level.? Lol. Globalization used to be narrowly defined as a company who did business with two or more other countries, but we are way ahead of that now. I think true globalization is recognizing that target markets are increasingly crossing national borders and we should develop global strategies which take that into account.

Samer M Barakat Globalization has become a fashion concept that explains the changes experienced in the world and which is accepted as the reason of the transformations. While the concept of globalization is defined in this sense, the meanings of globalization in different dimensions have emerged. When the definitions of globalization are analyzed, it is seen that the definitions that prioritize economic expansions are examined more. The common feature of the definitions that evaluate the phenomenon of globalization economically is that it emphasizes the increase in foreign investments, the increasing importance of multinational companies, the economical interdependence of countries and increasing unlimited capital flows. Another point of view that draws attention in the definitions regarding globalization is the definitions that address the process in a multi-dimensional manner. Looking at these definitions; It is understood that technological innovations, cultural change and homogenization, the joining of localities in different parts of the world, migration movements liberalized between borders and the transformations in the political field are emphasized from different perspectives. Apart from these definitions, globalization has been defined by some thinkers in terms of expressing the new world order and revealing the new conditions of imperialism. These definitions are more important in terms of understanding an anti-globalization perspective. This approach, which interprets globalization as a new form of capitalist ideology and a new form of colonialist understanding, reveals the fact that anti-globalization is in this sense anti-capitalism. Although the concept of globalization is defined in the basic sense as the integration of the world and the spread of common values ​​across the world, definitions differ according to the emphasis made on the changes and transformations in different dimensions caused by globalization.

For a recent discussion, see my "Globalisation: interactive and integral"July 2020 DOI: 10.4324/9780429345029-13 [available at RG] and for something a bit more general my just published article "The new conceptual vocabulary of the social sciences: the 'globalization debates' in context" In Globalizations November 2020 DOI: 10.1080/14747731.2020.1842107. This article is also available at my RG website [private copy/pls email me if you want an ecopy].

It is a very exciting information for all people interested in this issue. I guess that this problem cannot be separated from the transdisciplinary context, connected with the concept of glocalization as an included middle in the integration of the global and local aspects of what does mean ECOSEC (Ecology-Society-Economy).

Dear Samer M Barakat, I would say that "globalisation" can be defined as an opportunity to critically (re)discuss ideological concepts related to neoliberalism. Stay well.

globalization is the word used to describe the growing interdependence of the world’s economies, cultures, and populations, brought about by cross-border trade in goods and services, technology, and flows of investment, people, and information.

Globalization is the exponentially increasing interconnection of the planet under a common "Global "territory( as opposed to "local"). Globalization is done through interdependent economic relations, facilitated through international trade, production and service and commodity exchange. Globalization has seen the rise of multinational companies with economic activities in all parts of the world( rather than locally or regionally).

Besides economics, Globalization is also a cultural process, due to the exchange of information and creative ideas. This is particularly accelerated in the digital era in the 21st century, and becomes a greater dynamic process due to the use of technology which makes economic production easier and more efficient. The world becomes "smaller" as more common cultural themes and motifs are fostered, and it is increasingly easier to travel to another country due to more transport links.

Historically, Globalization has origins in the Silk Road and the Age of Discovery, and can be argued for being existent since at least the rise of Capitalism during the Enlightenment period and the end of feudalism. It wasn't referred to until the 1960's due to development of new communication technologies which brought the great political changes happening in the world to global audiences. The nation state is becoming less relevant( not necessarily obsolete) due to the rise of international and supranational organizations, whether the UN, the European Commission, or the WTO. Globalization has particularly accelerated since the end of the Cold War and the rise of computer technologies and the internet(which we are now using, testament to the effect Globalization has on Science and Knowledge).

Globalization has both its supporters and critics. In general, supporters are in favour of economic, social liberalization, Global cultural miscegenation and technological progress brought by Globalization , while skeptics are cautious about the actual economic benefits(to companies as opposed to people), economic exploitation, environmental devastation and threat to national(ist) identity.

Globalization is the interconnectedness of the world. It is the process of changing and moving towards the country. For example, the global financial crisis originated from the USA but the shocks of the global crisis wave reflect all over the world.

The unifying thread between the three types of globalization is the advancement of technology. There are three types of globalization:

• Economic globalization. ...
• Political globalization. ...
• Cultural globalization.

For more information see, for example

https://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/globalization

https://youmatter.world/en/definition/definitions-globalization-definition-benefits-effects-examples/

I do agree with this classification with a little modification, a presentation in a transdisciplinary sustainable way, as the Environmental, Socio-political and Economic globalization, as ENSEC paradigm. Best regards, Prof dr Ioan G Pop

Lee, E., & Vivarelli, M. (2006). The social impact of globalization in the developing countries. Int'l Lab. Rev., 145, 167.

Globalization, or globalisation, is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide. Globalization has accelerated since the 18th century due to advances in transportation and communication technology.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization