How do they have USDEUR rates from 1990 onwards when Euro was introduced only in 1999?

What is the most reliable source to get Impact factor of journals?

Source to get Impact factor of journals

01 March 2021 6,654 2 View

Which index or sites are reliable in determining of plant species?

There are many indexes when determining plant species: Plants of the World Online (POWO), International Plants Names Index (www.ipni.org), The Plant List (www.theplantlist.org) and others. But...

26 February 2021 3,404 10 View

How do historians determine the credibility sources in modern history?

For a source to be considered reliable it must contain accurate historical information. But how does one determine the accuracy and reliability of sources in modern and recent history since not...

23 February 2021 1,346 13 View

How can we measure the reliability and validity of our survey questionnaire?

We are conducting survey research on COVID-19 misinformation among students. How can we validate our survey for it to produce valid and reliable data? Also, what statistical tools can we use to...

16 February 2021 678 3 View

What does the value 0.498 in reliability?

There are 6 television programmes of different TV genres and their mean and mean ranks are put for each of them. But the reliability value of all the programmes together is 0.498 . So what exactly...

15 February 2021 7,686 4 View

Where can I find a reliable and updated methodology related with the design of spiral heat exchangers?

I need to design an spiral heat exchanger, buy I don't know what reference or bibliography (preferably a book) should I consult in order to get an updated and reliable methodology related with...

14 February 2021 7,910 3 View

What are the popular techniques for pre-processing measurement data in Smart Grid/Power System?

The data collected from various measurement devices often contains erroneous values - such as noise, missing values, etc. What are the popular techniques for pre-processing measurement data in...

14 February 2021 4,642 2 View

Western blot protein of interest falling at a lower weight than expected?

My protein of interest is DAGLa (115 kDa). We received the antibody for this from another researcher who reliably shows bands at this weight. We do see a light banding at this weight, but the...

11 February 2021 6,009 3 View

Which kind of validity should e established in case we want to conduct a survey using newly developed survey questionnaire?

I am conducting a survey using self developed questionnaire. I have established its face validity and content validity. Some expert reviewer has suggested I must establish the validity by...

11 February 2021 2,077 3 View

According to the sample size of a research, what is the percentage of the sample size needed to assess the reliability and validity?

I need an answer supported by an article or book... etc Actually, am doing a research, the sample size is 120 subjects. I already assessed the reliability and validity on 20 subjects. what I want...

11 February 2021 388 4 View

Stoyan Dimitrov Slavov

Hi,

The euro was introduced to world financial markets as an accounting currency on 1 January 1999, replacing the former European Currency Unit (ECU) which was previously used since March 1979. Perhaps "USD:EUR rates from 1990" that you have watched is actually USD:ECU rates?!?

You can find more information about this curencies in following links:

Regards

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Currency_Unit

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_euro

Hussin Jose Hejase

Dear Anjali

Check this site: European Currency Unit (ECU)

A Brief History of the ECU, the Predecessor of the Euro

fx.sauder.ubc.ca/ECU.html