Plants have developed sophisticated communication mechanisms that enhance their defense against pests and diseases through complex biochemical signaling networks. When herbivores or pathogens attack a plant, they release volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the air and chemical signals through root networks, effectively "warning" neighboring plants about potential threats. These chemical signals trigger defensive responses in surrounding vegetation, such as increased production of secondary metabolites, phenolic compounds, and protective enzymes that make the plants less palatable or more resistant to attackers.

Underground, plants communicate through intricate mycorrhizal fungal networks, often called the "wood wide web," where fungal threads interconnect root systems. These networks enable plants to share resources, exchange warning signals about pathogen invasions, and even transfer nutrients and defensive compounds between plant species. For instance, when one plant is under pest attack, it can transmit chemical signals through these underground networks, prompting nearby plants to preemptively activate their defense mechanisms, such as producing higher concentrations of toxic or repellent compounds that deter potential attackers.

The communication process involves complex molecular mechanisms, including releasing specific proteins, hormones like Jasmonic and salicylic acid, and various signaling molecules that activate systemic acquired resistance (SAR). This sophisticated defense strategy allows plants to collectively respond to environmental threats, demonstrating a collaborative survival mechanism previously unrecognized in the plant kingdom. By sharing information and resources, plants can collectively enhance their resilience and improve their chances of surviving pest and disease challenges.

Plants communicate through chemical signals (like VOCs), root exudates, and fungal networks. These signals warn neighboring plants, activating their defenses against pests or diseases. They also use hormones like jasmonic acid and electrical signals to enhance protection and attract pest predators.