- The operating pressure plays a crucial role in establishing a pressure gradient between the internal region, where gas flows, and the external region, where permeate gas is collected. Elevated pressures may lead to an expansion of intermolecular spaces (organic membranes) or pores (inorganic membranes), potentially damaging the membrane, particularly if it is composed of organic materials. Conversely, reduced pressures can diminish the pressure gradient, thereby hindering the effective separation of gases.

- Temperature significantly affects the thermodynamic aspects of the process. Increased temperatures enhance molecular diffusion through the membrane; however, this may be detrimental as it can decrease the concentration of the permeate gas by enlarging the intermolecular spaces or pores within the membrane, especially in organic types. In certain scenarios, elevated temperatures can also inhibit gas solubilization within the membrane. At lower temperatures, gas solubilization is favored, yet this can adversely impact gas permeability by constricting the intermolecular spaces or pores.

- The flow rate is intrinsically linked to the residence time of gas within the membrane. A lower gas residence time results in prolonged contact between the gas and the membrane, while a higher residence time leads to reduced contact duration. Increased flow rates may diminish the volume of permeated gas, whereas decreased flow rates can enhance permeation, but more than one membranes are required.

-Inorganic membranes exhibit superior performance in high-pressure (>10 bar) and elevated temperature (>50ºC) environments due to their rigid structural composition. Nevertheless, their production is costly and complex. Conversely, polymeric membranes are better suited for lower pressure (