Dear Abdelhak Maghchiche

Nanomaterials interact with microbiomes (human, soil, water) in various ways, with both positive and negative effects:

• Human Microbiome: Nanomaterials can aid in drug delivery and gut health but may disrupt the microbiome balance, potentially causing dysbiosis, immune issues, or toxicity to beneficial microbes.
• Soil Microbiome: Nanomaterials can improve soil fertility and aid in bioremediation but may harm soil microbes, affecting nutrient cycling, plant growth, and soil health.
• Water Microbiome: Nanomaterials can improve water treatment and pollutant degradation but may harm aquatic microorganisms, alter microbial diversity, and lead to bioaccumulation in the food chain.

In all environments, nanomaterials have the potential for both beneficial and harmful impacts on microbiomes, and their long-term effects need further research to ensure safety and sustainability.

Hope you understand it clearly.

Thanks