Environmental factors, as related to genetics, refer to exposures to substances where we live or work behaviors that can increase an individual's risk of disease or stressful situations. The influence of genes on cognitive ability is increased when the learning experiences are better. This means that while nature plays a bigger role in determining a person's cognitive development, one cannot ignore the role of the environment and experiences.

Genetic factors play a significant role in cognitive development, influencing various aspects of cognition, such as intelligence, memory, attention, and learning abilities. Genetic factors contribute to individual differences in cognitive abilities among individuals. Here are some key points on how genetic factors and environmental influences interact in cognitive development:

1. Genetic influence on cognitive traits: Genetic factors contribute to the heritability of cognitive traits. Studies have shown that genetic variations influence cognitive abilities, and certain genetic markers are associated with specific cognitive functions. For example, variations in genes related to neurotransmitter systems (e.g., dopamine receptors) or genes involved in synaptic plasticity can impact cognitive processes.

2. Gene-environment interaction: Genetic factors and environmental influences interact in shaping cognitive development. The impact of genetic factors can be modulated by environmental factors, such as socioeconomic status, parental education, nutrition, and exposure to stimulating or stressful environments. Gene-environment interactions can influence cognitive outcomes and determine the extent to which genetic predispositions are expressed.

3. Gene-environment correlation: Genetic factors can also influence exposure to specific environments. This is known as gene-environment correlation. For example, children with certain genetic predispositions may seek out specific environmental experiences that are conducive to their cognitive development. Similarly, genetic factors can also influence how individuals respond to and interact with their environment, which can further shape cognitive outcomes.

4. Epigenetic mechanisms: Epigenetic mechanisms provide a bridge between genetic factors and environmental influences. Epigenetic modifications can alter gene expression patterns in response to environmental factors. These modifications can influence cognitive development by regulating gene activity and affecting neural development and plasticity. Epigenetic processes can mediate the interplay between genetic factors and environmental influences, leading to long-term changes in cognitive functioning.

It's important to note that genetic factors and environmental influences are intertwined in a complex manner, and it's challenging to disentangle their individual contributions. Both factors interact and influence each other throughout development, leading to the observed individual differences in cognitive abilities. Further research is needed to better understand the intricate interplay between genetics and environmental influences in cognitive development.

Dr Alireza Falakdin thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Genetic make up specifically of fetus inside the mother's womb is directly affected by the environmental factors which includes mother's behavior or lifestyle (smoking, drinking, staying up late at night, food intake). The very first environment of a child is his mother's womb. If the baby was taken cared of, he will be brought to the outside world with undisturbed genetic make up.

Dr Marnil Ygot Rosaroso thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Clearly, genetic influences have an enormous influence on how a child develops. However, it is important to remember that genetics is just one piece of the intricate puzzle that makes up a child's life. Environmental variables including parenting, culture, education, and social relationships also play a vital role. In general, environmental factors affect cognitive development by providing stimuli that influence the organs responsible for our cognition. As excessive alcohol consumption has been associated with smaller left hippocampus volume and poorer memory. Positive experiences, such as exposure to rich learning opportunities, and negative influences, such as malnutrition or environmental toxins, can change the chemistry that encodes genes in brain cells a change that can be temporary or permanent. This process is epigenetic modification. Genetic influences on cognition states that the influence of genes on cognitive ability is increased when the learning experiences are better. This means that while nature plays a bigger role in determining a person's cognitive development, one cannot ignore the role of the environment. Genes, via their influences on morphology and physiology, create a framework within which the environment acts to shape the behavior of an individual animal. The environment can affect morphological and physiological development; in turn behavior develops as a result of that animal's shape and internal workings.

I work in perinatal mental health as a cognitive behaviour psychotherapist, my understanding of the relationship is that a mothers raised cortisol from environmental factors can greatly influence the brain development in an unborn infant. Infants born to mothers with repeated increased anxiety tend to have more difficulties in establishing sleep routines and sleep is also a major factor in brain development. Anxious mothers also tend to mis baby cues and anticipate their needs which prevents them developing their cue and response system accurately and may reduce their stress tolerance continuing into adult life and becoming an intergenerational factor in mental health and development.

Dr Leanne Cook thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Environmental factors such as soil nutrients, temperature, water availability and light intensity influence the genetic and chemical diversity of plant populations. These environmental conditions can exert strong selection pressures; they could even determine the evolutionary course of plant populations. Environmental factors such as diet, temperature, oxygen levels, humidity, light cycles, and the presence of mutagens can all impact which of an animal's genes are expressed, which ultimately affects the animal's phenotype. Genetic influences on cognition states that the influence of genes on cognitive ability is increased when the learning experiences are better. This means that while nature plays a bigger role in determining a person's cognitive development, one cannot ignore the role of the environment and experiences. Genes influence each individual's behavioral and psychological characteristics, including intellectual ability, personality, and risk for mental illness all of which have bearing on both parents and children within a family. While genetics are important, the interplay between genes and experiences is the focus of research today. While the brain can be influenced at any age, it is the most pliable in the early years which is most important, genetics or experience. In other words, just as components of cognition can be defined at the anatomical or even the cellular level, they can also be recognized at the genetic level. Genetic influences on cognition states that the influence of genes on cognitive ability is increased when the learning experiences are better. This means that while nature plays a bigger role in determining a person's cognitive development, one cannot ignore the role of the environment and experiences. The interactions between genes and environment shape human development. Despite the misconception that genes are “set in stone,” research shows that early experiences can determine how genes are turned on and off and even whether some are expressed at all.