Also, I would like to ask:
1. How effective are the fungicides?
2. Can rust disease develop resistance?
3. Are there already natural fungicides for rust disease?
If you could provide sources to papers regarding my question, so I can read more about it, that would be great, thanks!
Fungicides are chemical which alters the biological processes of fungi and kill them.
1. depends what do you mean by effective? Seasonal control (YES) or absolute eradication of fungi (NO).
2. Yes, rust disease can develop resistance and quite fast, thus breeding against rust is a continuous process.
3. there are few natural compounds which might partly control rust, but rust epidemic is a fast process and natural product could be slow / less efficient in the control of rust. In such a scenario, chemical based product could be more efficient.
Ellis JG, Lagudah ES, Spielmeyer W, Dodds PN. The past, present and future of breeding rust resistant wheat. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2014;5:641. doi:10.3389/fpls.2014.00641.
The sheer number of spores means that once an epidemic has started you would have to spray '3 times' a week to keep the pathogen under control. This is not economically feasible and will increase selection pressure for a fungicide resistant isolate.
Fungicide use is most effective in the early stages of disease onset.
Hi Bart, here is some useful paper
https://secure.caes.uga.edu/extension/publications/files/pdf/C%201060_1.PDF
https://ag.tennessee.edu/EPP/Redbook/Wheat%20Diseases%20and%20Their%20Control%20with%20Fungicides.pdf
https://www.ag.ndsu.edu/publications/crops/rust-diseases-of-wheat-in-north-dakota/pp1361.pdf
https://mtbi.asu.edu/sites/default/files/a_model_for_stripe_rust_growth_with_two_fungicidal_effects.pdf
https://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/technology/pdfs/BCIP_2017_Bean_Proposal.pdf
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