I worked for US Forest Service for many years, and we typically used an interdisiplinary team to assess projects and their effects to soil, water, air, biology, cultural sites, rare or endangered species, etc., and considered economical and community concerns. The intensity of analysis may depend on the project type and specific activities proposed in managing the national forests. Each professional may have various tools, observations, inventories, analyses to help address resources present and effects of various alternatives in how to manage the land and resources within sustainable bounds. I uploaded an example from 2013 on my researchgate or you can search on environmental assessment or impact statements relative to activities being considered. The ~2003 document in researchgate list I co-authored on soil and water conservation measures for the SE region USFS has an introductory section that describes the USFS analysis approach in more detail. There is a large body of science available on effects of various land use choices and effects of managing watersheds and landscapes, effects of natural disasters, etc. Each professional tasked with analysis input may have some reading to do unless already experienced in collecting information and assessing effects using field surveys, GIS data, remote sensing in some instances, appropriate literature, etc.