Fodder crops like bajra, sorghum, cowpea are grown during kharif season under block plantations of poplar (Populus deltoides) in irrigated conditions in Northwest India, but it's for stall feeding only (not for open grazing). This is successful model for dairy farmers.

For open grazing is practised only under marginal lands with rainfed conditions.

Quite simple. They can be naturally integrated. May need some fodder production for the dry season.

In Norway, sheep, goats and to some extent cattle graze freely in nature, both in forests and in the high mountains. Due to winter with snow, they are fed inside half the year.

Your goats can graze freely in natural forestry if you are licensed to do so. Cattle are too specific on grasses and legume fodders so it becomes difficult to integrate on natural forest

bonjour a tous!

it is quite clear that to this question we would have multitudes of answers depending on the sensitivities and convictions of each other. however, for me, it's all about rational temporal and spatial planning. it is demonized that the Intensive breeding of cattle in Pens is as harmful to the environment as overgrazing. in the Togolese context, nature conservation and animal production are incompatible. the country is one of the densest and poorest on the African continent. due to the lack of national production and more favorable climatic conditions, hundreds of foreign herds in search of better pastures enliven the national territory. in the absence of beacons materializing the transhumance corridors, the agricultural fields and even the protected areas are destroyed.

Prof Desta, Integrating livestock production with natural and plantation forestry is an international environmental and political subject. From my experience and understanding of global environmental politics, developed and institutionally powerful countries are allowed to use public lands including forest resources for livestock farming. Institutionally weak countries such as Nepal are not allowed to do so even if the livestock are managed for meeting the daily hand-to-mouth problems of poor farmers. Therefore, international agencies such as World Bank, ADB, Norwegian, SDC(Swiss), AUSAID, USAID, FINIDDA DFID (UK) advised and funded the Nepal government to abolish the forest-based livestock and afforest in the pasturelands to dump excess (GHG emissions) of their countries since the 1970s when they knew livestock is a source of GHG emissions and forest is a sink. But those countries have used their forests in the industrial scale of livestock farming. You may be aware that current international environmental policies of landscape-scale decarbonization and REDD (carbon forestry) which has targeted abolishing livestock in developing countries including Nepal. The landscape policy was forwarded by the Centre for International Forest Research, a subsidiary organization of the FAO in support of many international agricultural research Institutes that proposed landscape scale policy and endorsed at Perish Climate summit 2015 when the World Bank and developed countries agreed to provide funding to do so. FAO is working to manage funds to promote landscape-scale decarbonization which is also reducing livestock holding in developing countries. For example, WWF has started to abolish forest-based livestock in Nepal in the name of landscape-scale decarbonization. The UN decade of ecological restoration is another international policy that has also targeted in institutionally weak developing countries. ICIMOD, a UN institute, for example, has declared its program to afforest the remaining community pasturelands of Nepal for dumping excess of developed countries and other industrial societies. The Norwaygeon government have provided fund through ICIMOD to implement the REDD program since 2004 in Nepal. Its objective is to reduce livestock and increase forest tree stock for dumping excess from developed countries including its own. The world bank gave some grants to make the national policy of REDD and bought the forest carbon credits of Nepal at the cheapest price. The REDD policy has hampered community food security and local employment, especially for forest-based farmers. On another side, the Bank persuaded government agencies to take its loan for community resilience development against climate change. Our studies show that these international agencies have done genocide of indigenous ethnic communities to achieve their best interest.s Therefore you need to know international politics, especially powerful countries whether use forest resources for livestock.