Short range order usually refers to alloy crystalline systems and describes for example the tendency of agglomeration of B atoms in an A-B alloy. For liquids and amorphous alloys more suitable discription is the pair correlation function which is obtained by neutron or X-ray scattering experiments as suggested above.
Any technique that carries information about nearest neighbor correlations can be used. Isotope substituted neutron scattering, pair distribution functions from X-ray scattering are good options. But if you have multiple elements (more than two) in your metallic glass and if you would like the partial radial distribution of atomic neighbors around each of the species, then you should do EXAFS (and/or its analog using electron energy loss, EXELFS).
If you are interested, I annually did quite of bit of short-range order measurements in metallic glasses. I hope these papers and the references within are useful:
See for exemple many papers of Soubeyroux with neutrons.
Kaban et al did similar measurements with X rays (unpublished)
We made measurements by electronic transport to measure the phase changes, but only structure measurements allow to identify if we have an amorphous or a polycristal. TEM and SEM can also be used