probably, estimating of the loss of ecosystem services in terms of money will help to understand the level of the chemical effects and inform decision makers.

Hello Emmanuel.

Your question is quite thought provoking.

First, in ecosystems, for instance, aquatic ecosystems, chemicals or pollutants don't occur singly. That is, you cannot attribute effects observed at any level of biological organisation (cell, tissue, organ, individual, community, ecosystem) to a single chemical or pollutant.

Hence, an approach to consider is to look at the effects of specific anthropogenic activities (which releases a 'cocktail' chemicals/pollutants into the ecosystem) on ecosystem services (such as drinking water abstraction (if its a freshwater), fisheries for consumption, water for industrial and domestic uses, ecological balance of predators and preys,...).

Ecotoxicological approaches that can be considered to evaluate effects on the afore-mentioned ecosystem services include fisheries diversity and abundance at specific anthropogenic-impacted sites, environmental quality assessment, (ex. if its a freshwater, physicochemical parameters of the water, microbiological evaluation,... if its on land, ambient air quality, soil physicochemical parameters, nutrient status,...) and other ecological risk assessments/indices.

You can check some of my publications using various ecotoxicology approaches;

Poster Toxicological Evaluations of Effluents from Kara Cow Market,...

Article Biomonitoring, physico-chemical, and biomarker evaluations o...

Poster Human Health Risks Perception and In Situ Ecotoxicological E...

Poster In-Situ Toxicological Evaluations of Effluent from a Petrole...

Very good question. I am currently working on a similar project in soils. I used structural equation models to build Adverse Ecosystem Service Pathway (AESP) models that used disrupted interrelationships between soil properties and endpoints that represented ecosystem services in the presence and absence of contamination or toxicity. The latent endpoints included climate regulation, food production, water protection, organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling. A change in the relationship between impacted and non impacted soils implied an effect on ecosystem services.