There are several ways.  Usually people use census information. Best to use it at the census tract level but you can use it at ZIP code level.  You can look at mean family income for the geographic region.  There are many papers written on this.  I would look up papers by Nancy Kreiger.  If you only have larger areas people sometimes look at things like unemployment rate for the region. 

I started defining "socioeconomic structure" as te level of relative income and its distribution in the population because I wanted to use the municpality level. If you are using neighbourhoods it is better to use level of poverty, level of richness, level of unemployment, availability to certain items (car, tv, etc.). A lot depends on how you define "socioeconomic structure" and the available indicators to describe your studied factor.

check out the construction of a latent factor referred to as "concentrated disadvantage"  see the recent works of Robert Sampson

disparaty of income, based on purchasing necessities versus unnecessaries inpurchases, ratio of age and income, as well as the variable of "time"  in activity, purchasing, and communication, could be a useful avenue of research in this topic. 

This question gets a lot of attention in Australia, and the government has applied many solutions for using our census data.  Roughly speaking, one question is which indicators to use, and the other is at what level of generality (how big a context).  The later question has seen a shift from a post code level measure to a small unit within post code.  (In parts of Australia you will find public housing literally across the street from some of the most expensive real estate (a consequence of a more egalitarian history than you'd find in today's social policy).  Anyway -- to get a sense of how it is used in very public works here: check out http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/Lookup/2033.0.55.001main+features32011

Very interesting question since most times we would assume that "birds of the same feather gather together (in the same neighborhood)" One way forward with this question is to consider psychographics, which is quite popular among marketers- the theory of profiling with respect to psychological makeup (AOI- attention, opinion & interests) along a continuum that spans allocentrics versus psychocentrics (there are many older and newer versions of this but I am referring to the work of Charles S. Plog). Another interesting paper on the history of its development : https://archive.ama.org/archive/ResourceLibrary/MarketingResearch/documents/9511240220.pdf

Personally I think that many theories attempt to classify along just one dimension such as economics or geography, but few attempt to link the internalized values of individuals and groups with their externalized behavior. While this may be quite ambitious and ends up complicating the matter, recent interest in behavioral economics reinforces the notion that behavior is a strong indicator of preferences/irrationality (i.e. revealed preference/bounded rationality). While behavioral economics takes the perspective of one typical individual most times, the scaling of it at the level of socioeconomics presents a lot of challenges both in the sense of imposed mixed neighborhoods (e.g, Singapore. And in connection to this do consider Thomas Schelling's work on segregation: http://www.stat.berkeley.edu/~aldous/157/Papers/Schelling_Seg_Models.pdf.) and in the sense of emergent neighborhoods (along the lines of Jane Jacob's analysis of New Yorkers).

Going along with the implications of psychographics, one good metric is the preference for safety in a neighborhood. At the risk of being too general, the more liberal amongst a neighborhood tend to be less concerned with safety (manifesting in less barricades, gated mechanisms, security technology etc.). This been said the more powerful can be concerned with safety (i.e. maintaining their turf). However preference for power and control should not be confused with outlook in life. Especially when safety concerns (by extension, hypochondria) may betray an underlying bigotry  and conservatism. 

Here's a quick way to get a snapshot:

In the US, data mining companies such as ESRI and Claritas provide zip code look ups (http://www.esri.com/data/esri_data/ziptapestry). This is the "birds of a feather flock together" approach. Another fast and easy to use resource is www.city-data.com  They offer publicly available information (such as Census, BLS, Depts. of Education, etc...) in one place, and you can search by neighborhood or zip code. Try looking up a geographic area on City-data.com to see the kind of information you get, then consider the impact that each of those variables may have on health, or health care decision making... 

It depends on the data available to you in your city and country. In Canada and the U.S. census bureaus maintain this data at various resolutions. So the real question is what data is available at the municipal level in Cairo. And too, you need to know how that data is arranged. Is it in blocks, enumeration districts, postal codes? I would suspect that if it is arranged in any of those ways that one or another municipal department will have shape files that permit the mapping. But you need to ask, first. In some areas housing density can serve as a surrogate--rich folk live fewer per building than the poor--but that doesn't always hold in cities like New York and London. If there's a square feet per person record, that will be a surrogate. But the best answer is local knowledge and how the government's statistics (and always Tax) departments collect and disseminate their data.

I agree with Tom's response above. It may also be worth a shot to develop and implement a quick few-items survey on education level, employment status, income, and number of individuals in household.

You cannot describe the 'social class' of a district. Social class is measured in terms of relations and conditions of employment in different occupations See http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/classifications/current-standard-classifications/soc2010/soc2010-volume-3-ns-sec--rebased-on-soc2010--user-manual/index.html for all you need to know about this. Districts or areas are more usually described in terms of things like 'Index of deprivation' see https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/english-indices-of-deprivation

These indexes combine several measures such as what % of people in an area have routine jobs, are unemployed or out of the labour market due to sickness, housing tenure and so on.

I do know of an attempt to place cities in a kind of socio-class. Typically Richard Florida's creative class. 1st & 2nd link

There are also some very interesting visualizations generated by those that attempt to disaggregate economic wealth/output (economic class?) based on geography. 3rd Link

http://creativeclass.com/rfcgdb/articles/4%20Cities%20and%20the%20Creative%20Class.pdf

http://www.hhh.umn.edu/projects/prie/pdf/266_creativity_class_politics.pdf

http://www.econ.yale.edu/~nordhaus/homepage/documents/nordhaus_chen_geograph_bje.pdf

As the previous notes make clear, the issue is highly dependent on where you are, the data that is available, and the definitions of class that are being used. In the US, for example, SAIPE data on poverty is easily achievable at the county but not neighbourhood level, as one example. Other federal data is, however, localized at the zip code resolution. But in other countries, well, the data available at various resolution will be distinct. Nobody said any of this was easy.

As previous answers in the UK you can use LSOA (Lower Layer Super Output Areas) classification to guide the deprivation index of the location of the community pharmacy. You can see my research team has already done that in the UK using ArcMap, this was published in BMJ Open at http://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/4/8/e005764.abstract the paper shows how do map pharmacy post codes against deprivation indices obtained from LSOA data. Of course the confounding factor in all of this is that one can't be sure that the patients using the pharmacy are actually from the same areas and thus this could affect certain aspects of health inequality if these studies are used for commissioning purposes. We are working further on this now