you can use the method of integrating sphere. I used it for thins films deposited on quartz. probably you can do the same by sandwiching the powder between two substrates or somehow sticking it on the substrate.
Presently am not in a position to use integrated sphere. we have one but its an attachment for measuring UV- visible absorption measurement of powder samples.
I can measure the emission , and absorption but cant use integrated sphere ..........
You can calculate fluorescence quantum yield by another way. Measure fluorescence lifetime and use the formula
Fluorescence quantum yield = Radiative rate constant x fluorescence lifetime
But this requires that you know the radiative rate constant. This has to be measured by other ways. You can see my publication on how to measure the radiative rate constant.