The chemical pesticides used in agriculture and other related sectors are causing various detrimental effects on our health as well as on environment.
Biodegradable herbs may be an active alternative of these chemicals.
The 'nature identical ' chemicals have the same chance to cause ill effects as the chemical pesticides.
But if any raw part (seed, leaf, succulent extracts etc.) can be used as pesticide directly, the problem may be solved.
What is the present position of research in this area?
What are the plants having such power?
Dear Dr. Shibarata Pattanayak Sir,
Please see the following ResearchGate links.
Article Botanical Pesticides and Their Mode of Action
Chapter Advances in Plant Biopesticides
Regards
I think the use of herbs in the field of pest control is limited and within specific areas, in homes and buildings, for example. These herbs do not cause any harm, such herbs: (basil - daisies - fennel - thyme - mint - pine .......).
Yes. We have many of these herbal extracts that indeed help in fighting pests. We are working on a paper in this regard. It's on the pesticidal effects of the extracts of Hyptis spicigera on cowpea weevils. Thanks for raising this important issue. Kind regards
Agree with contribution by RG members. Bio degradable herbs seems to be one of the alternative.
Neem oil and pyrethrins found naturally in some chrysanthemum flowers seem to useful pesticides.
I use comments. Thanks
With the best wishes
Mr Rezaei Ahvanooei.
Plants exhibit a number of protective mechanisms, such as repellency, insecticidal action etc to protect themselves from pest attack. Pest control through pesticides of plant origin has been an age-old practice. As early as in 1690, water extract of tobacco leaves was used to kill the sucking insects of garden pest. The alkaloid Nicotine isolated from tobacco leaves in 1828 being the first naturally occurring insecticide, which functions as a nonresistant contract insecticide against aphids, cupids, leaf miner, codling moth and thrips on a wide variety of crops. Pyrethronoids extracted from Chrysanthemum cinerarifolium was used for pest control in the past and it is still one of the important pesticides at present. A real breakthrough in the practice of phytopesticides occurred during early sixties when the antifeedant properties of Neem seed kernel against desert locust Schistocerca gregaria was reported in 1962. Plant products can play an important role in evolving sound and environmentally acceptable pest management system.
Please check out the following RG links: -
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237836210_Phytopesticides_-_An_Ecofriendly_Approach_for_Pest_Control
Article Potential of Neem Constituents in Pest Management. Everyman'...
Biopesticides are attracting global attention as new tool to kill or suppress pest population such as weeds, plant pathogen and insects while posing less risk to people and environment than synthetic pesticides . There are many plants whose extracts are used aspesticides, including Eucalyptus which was introduced in Australia to the rest of the world following the Cook expedition in 1770. Collected by Sir joseph Bank botanist on expedition it was subsequently introduced to many parts of the world.
Calotropis is a genus of flowering plants in the dogbane family, Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in its native to southern Asia and North Africa.
They are commonly known as milkweed because of the latex they produce. Calotropis species are considered common weeds in some parts of the word. The flowers are fragrant and are often use in making floral tassels in some mainland southeast Asian cultures. Fibers of these plants are called madar or mader. Calotropis are usually found in abandoned farmland.
The milky exudation from the plant is a corrosive poison. Calotropis species are poisonous, calotropin, a compound in the latex, is more toxic than strychinine. Lantana camara (Verbenaceae), grows widely throughout the tropical, sub tropical and temperate parts of World. Earlier work has shown that leaves of L. camara are a source of insecticidal activity , and preliminary studies indicated that the leaves of L. camara possess a rich source of bioactive molecules . The leaves of L. camara seem to be promising as a source for a new biopesticide.
PLZ take alook on pending files:
Please refer to the following articles:
Pino, O., Sánchez, Y., & Rojas, M. M. (2013). Plant secondary metabolites as an alternative in pest management. I: Background, research approaches and trends. Revista de Protección Vegetal, 28(2), 81.
Regnault-Roger, C. (2012). Trends for commercialization of biocontrol agent (biopesticide) products. In Plant defence: biological control (pp. 139-160). Springer, Dordrecht.
Hillmer, J., Steward, N. O. L., & Liedtke, D. (2003). safe herbicide handling in natural areas. The Nature Conservancy. Northeast Ohio Field Office.
Regards
Pest Control of India is presently using pyrethrins instead of Aluminium sulphide (Celphos tablets) to disinfect the herbaria. Use of Celphos tablets has been banned because of its toxicity.
Like many other earlier participants, I also feel that herbal preparations could be a viable alternative to man-made synthetic chemicals as pesticides/herbicides. What is really required is to put intensified research efforts in this field.
Hers are a natural way of repelling unwanted insects and bugs. Certain herbs are so aromatic that they repel insects. Another technique called companion planting allows certain plants to be planted together in the same garden so that they help each other against predators. Marigold flowers can protect tomato plants.
Killer spices,” as the researchers have dubbed them, have been shown to effectively fend off pests such as mites or aphids, and are actually already in use on some farms, protecting organic strawberry and tomato crops, for example. Essential oils from herbs and spices aren’t likely to replace chemical pesticides completely—the oils tend to evaporate quickly and need to be reapplied much more frequently than other pesticides, and they also aren’t as effective as other methods in protecting against big insects such as caterpillars or beetles. But these natural pesticides do have their advantages. For one, a greater use of natural repellents would mean less exposure to harmful chemicals for farm workers. And, whereas bugs can build up resistance to chemical insecticides, scientists say that is more complicated, and less likely, with natural oils.
Source - http://healthland.time.com/2009/08/17/herbs-and-spices-instead-of-chemical-pesticides/
Many plant extracts play an important role in pest reduction and act as pesticides, as well as in inciting resistance to all stresses
Pls. find the attached files
http://npic.orst.edu/envir/plants.html
https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1990/V1-511.html
12 plants that repel unwanted insects
First, the herbs
Basil
Repels house flies and mosquitoes. Plant basil in containers by your house doors and in outdoor areas where you like to relax or entertain. Basil is delicious in salads, in many pork and chicken recipes and with a variety of soups. Basil also improves the flavors of certain vegetables, include tomatoes, peppers and asparagus. You also can use fresh basil to make an insect repellent spray. A simple recipe calls for pouring 4 ounces of boiling water into a container holding 4 to 6 ounces of clean, fresh basil leaves (stems can be attached), letting the leaves steep for several hours, removing the leaves and squeezing all of the leaves’ moisture into the mixture. Then thoroughly mix 4 ounces of (cheap!) vodka with the basil-water mixture. Store in the refrigerator and apply as a spray when going outdoors. Be sure to keep the spray away from your eyes, nose and mouth.
Lavender
Place dried lavender is bundles to keep flies out of your home. (Photo: Tatiana Mihaliova/Shutterstock)
Repels moths, fleas, flies and mosquitoes. Lavender has been used for centuries to add a pleasantly sweet fragrance to homes and clothes drawers. Although people love the smell of lavender, mosquitoes, flies and other unwanted insects hate it. Place tied bouquets in your home to help keep flies outdoors. Plant it in sunny areas of the garden or near entryways to your house to help keep those areas pest free. You can also use oil extracted from the flowers as a mosquito repellent you can apply to exposed skin when going into the garden or patio. The Everything Lavender website has a guide for extracting the oil and making a lavender-infused body oil. Added benefits are that lavender oil nourishes the skin and has a calming effect that induces sleep.
Lemongrass
The oil of lemongrass contains citral, geraniol, myrcene, limonene and citronellal, a natural oil often found in insect-repelling candles. (Photo: Iqbal Osman/flickr)
Repels mosquitoes. You’ve no doubt seen citronella candles in stores during the summer and read how citronella will keep mosquitoes away. Citronella is a natural oil found in lemongrass, an ornamental that can grow up to 4 feet tall and 3 feet wide in one season. (It's worth noting that lemongrass isn't just the name of one plant; it's the umbrella name for plants in the Cymbopogon family, which also includes citronella grass.) This grass with wonderful culinary uses is hardy only in South Florida (Zone 10), so almost everyone else will have to grow it as an annual. It does well in a pot or in the ground in a sunny, well-drained location. Use its fragrant, narrow leaves in chicken and pork dishes and to flavor soups and salad dressing. Many Asian recipes call for lemongrass.
Lemon thyme
Bruise the leaves on this hardy plant to repel mosquitoes. (Photo: Andrea_44/flickr)
Repels mosquitoes. This hardy herb can adapt to dry or rocky, shallow soil and will thrive in your herb garden, a rock garden or a front border as long as these are in sunny locations. The plant itself will not repel pesky mosquitoes. To release its chemicals, you must first bruise the leaves. To do this, simply cut off a few stems and rub them between your hands. Before you do that, though, it’s advisable to make sure the plant’s natural properties will not adversely affect you. Determine your tolerance by rubbing crushed leaves on a small area on your forearm for several days.
Mint
Mint spreads aggressively so it's best grown in pots unless you want it to take over your yard. (Photo: Edsel Little/flickr)
Repels mosquitoes. Mint is best grown in pots rather than the ground because it spreads aggressively. Once established in the garden, it can be difficult to remove. Cuttings of mint in mulch can help broccoli, cabbage and turnips. The leaves are commonly used to flavor minty iced tea. The aromatic properties found in the leaves are also present in the stems and flowers. With a little work, the plant’s aromatic oils can be extracted and combined with apple cider vinegar and cheap vodka (or witch hazel) to make a mosquito repellent. Containers of mint strategically placed in the garden or on the patio will help keep nearby plants insect free.
Rosemary
Home cooks love rosemary as much as insects hate it. (Photo: Alice Henneman/flickr)
Repels mosquitoes and a variety of insects harmful to vegetable plants. Rosemary is available in various forms. Plants can be grown in containers on a patio and shaped into ornamental pyramids, grown in herb gardens or planted in landscaped beds, where some varieties can grow quite large. Rosemary’s oils are as delicious to home cooks who use herbs as they are unpleasant to many insects. The plant itself and its cuttings are effective repellents. You can make a simple repellent spray by boiling 1 quart of dried rosemary in a quart of water for 20 to 30 minutes and then straining the liquid into a container at least a half-gallon in size that contains a quart of cool water. Put a cap on the combined liquid and store it in the refrigerator. Add the repellent to small squirt bottles as needed when going outdoors. Discard the remaining repellent in the refrigerator when it no longer has a strong telltale smell of rosemary.
Other herbs
- Bay leaves: Repel flies. When you grow this plant, you won’t have to rely on the dried leaves from stores to add flavor to roasts and soups. Just pick the leaves as you need them.
- Chives: Repel carrot flies, Japanese beetle and aphids.
- Dill: Repels aphids, squash bugs, spider mites, cabbage loopers and tomato hornworms.
- Fennel: Repels aphids, slugs and snails.
- Lemon balm: Repels mosquitoes.
- Oregano: Repels many pests and will provide ground cover and humidity for peppers.
- Parsley: Repels asparagus beetles.
- Thyme: Repels whiteflies, cabbage loopers, cabbage maggots, corn earworms, whiteflies, tomato hornworms and small whites.
Next up: Ornamental flowers
Alliums
Beautiful tall alliums will keep insects out of your vegetable garden. (Photo: Toshihiro Gomo/flickr)
Plants in the Allium family, such as the dramatic Allium giganteum whose flower heads adorn stalks up to 6 feet tall, are regarded as a broad-spectrum natural insecticide. They repel numerous insects that plague vegetable gardens, including slugs, aphids, carrot flies and cabbage worms. Plants that will benefit from the proximity of alliums include tomatoes, peppers, potatoes, cabbage, broccoli, kohlrabi and carrots. They also will keep aphids off rose bushes. Alliums include small-growing herbs such as chives and garlic chives, leeks and shallots.
Chrysanthemums
The ingredient in chrysanthemums that makes them so effective as an insect repellent is pyrethrum. (Photo: Costel Slincu/flickr)
Repel roaches, ants, Japanese beetles, ticks, silverfish, lice, fleas, bedbugs, spider mites, harlequin bugs and root-knot nematodes. The ingredient in chrysanthemums that makes them so effective as an insect-repelling companion plant is pyrethrum. Because pyrethrums can kill flying and jumping insects, they are used in America’s most commonly available home and garden insecticide and are frequently used in indoor sprays, pet shampoos and aerosol bombs. Although chrysanthemum flowers can be used to make an insecticidal spray, pyrethrum can be carcinogenic to humans and care should be taken in using them in this form. Make sure you know the risks.
Marigolds
Aphids, mosquitoes and even rabbits don't like the smell of marigolds. (Photo: Swaminathan/flickr)
The scent from various types of marigolds repels aphids, mosquitoes and even rabbits. The roots of marigolds are well-known among farmers to repel nematodes, though those qualities require a year to take effect. Grow marigolds as an annual in most parts of the country, mixed in along the border of your flower beds or interspersed throughout your vegetable garden as they can also spur on the growth of certain plants, especially roses. Although marigolds are easy to grow in sunny locations, they can fall victim to gray mold, several types of leaf spot, powdery mildew, damping off and root rot.
Nasturtiums
Nasturtiums release an airborne chemical that repels insects. (Photo: Christian Guthier/flickr)
Repel whiteflies, squash bugs, aphids, many beetles and cabbage loopers. Nasturtiums could be considered the poster child for companion planting, which is growing a variety of plants close to one another for the benefits each brings to the others. Nasturtiums release an airborne chemical that repels predacious insects, protecting not just the nasturtium but other plants in the grouping. Because many of the insects nasturtiums repel favor vegetables — tomatoes, cucumbers, kale, kohlrabi, collards, broccoli, cabbage and radishes — nasturtiums are an idea choice for planting along the edges of vegetable gardens. Fortunately, nasturtiums do not repel the all-important pollinator — the bumblebee.
Petunias
Some people think of petunias as nature’s pesticide. (Photo: Wendy Cutler/flickr)
Repel aphids, tomato hornworms, asparagus beetles, leafhoppers and squash bugs. Some people think of petunias as nature’s pesticide. They are popular mostly because they are available in a variety of bright colors, require such minimal maintenance they are almost foolproof to grow and can be grown in garden beds, containers or hanging baskets. Plant them in sunny areas near vegetables and herbs such as beans, tomatoes, peppers and basil.
Other ornamental flowers
- Common lantanas: Repel mosquitoes.
- Four o’clocks: Attract but poison Japanese beetle.
- Geraniums: Repel leafhoppers.
- Narcissus: Repel moles.
Then the carnivorous plants
Pitcher plants
Pitcher plants trap and eat insects. (Photo: Eric Sonstroem/flickr)
Trap and ingest insects. Pitcher plants are the largest group of carnivorous plants. These exotic-looking plants lure insects into their “pitcher,” actually a specialized leaf, through a combination of nectar, fragrance and color. Once inside the pitcher, the insect finds itself on a slippery surface with downward-facing hairs. The insect then either slips or falls into a pool of water. Once in the water, it drowns or dies of exhaustion in trying to escape, which is impossible because of the downward-facing hairs. The plant then digests the insect. Insects that most often fall prey to North American pitcher plants are ants, flies, wasps, bees, beetles, slugs and snails. Pitcher plants, which grow in bogs in the wild, need a sunny area that stays moist, generally a difficult combination for home gardeners. Growing them in pots sitting in a saucer of water is easier. However, don’t keep the growing medium too wet. It just needs to be moist.
reference/ https://www.mnn.com/your-home/organic-farming-gardening/stories/12-plants-that-repel-unwanted-insects
regards
Dear colleagues,
Are you having any information on effectiveness of Pongomia pinnata (Karanj in Hindi/ Bengali) seed on soil to reduce harmful larva of some insect attack paddy and wheat plant?
It is used in some tribal areas.
Thanks.
I would like to comment that Botanical Insecticides. Many plants and minerals have insecticidal properties; that is, they are toxic to insects. Botanical insecticides are naturally occurring chemicals (insect toxins) extracted or derived from plants or minerals. They are also called natural insecticides. Botanical insecticides are naturally occurring chemicals (insect toxins) extracted or derived from plants or minerals. They are also called natural insecticides. Organic gardeners will choose these insecticides, in some cases, over synthetic organic materials. Pesticides can be grouped according to the types of pests which they kill:
- Insecticides - insects.
- Herbicides - plants.
- Rodenticides - rodents (rats and mice)
- Bactericides - bacteria.
- Fungicides - fungi.
- Larvicides - larvae.
Examples of pesticides: Examples of pesticides are fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides. Examples of specific synthetic chemical pesticides are glyphosate, Acephate, Deet, Propoxur, Metaldehyde, Boric Acid, Diazinon, Dursban, DDT, Malathion, etc. Pesticides include herbicides for destroying weeds and other unwanted vegetation, insecticides for controlling a wide variety of insects, fungicides used to prevent the growth of molds and mildew, disinfectants for preventing the spread of bacteria, and compounds used to control mice and rats. Just as tobacco is hazardous to humans, tobacco spray was once a commonly used pesticide for killing pests, caterpillars, and aphids. Mix one cup of organic tobacco (preferably a brand that is organic and all-natural) into one gallon of water. It's the best-selling herbicide in the world, according to the Ag Journal. And it was the most heavily used pesticide in the U.S. in 2007, according to the most recent numbers available from the EPA. 5. A popular herbicide called atrazine is the pesticide most commonly found in American drinking water. Common examples of Insecticides are:
- Chlorinated hydrocarbons: Example - DDT. Chlorinated hydrocarbons like DDT, BHC, etc are used as insecticides. ...
- Organophosphates : Example - Malathion, mercarbam, etc. ...
- Carbamates: Example - Aldicarb, XMC,carbofuran etc. ...
- Pyrethroids: Example - Pyrethrum, allethrin, etc.
Pesticides are poisons and, unfortunately, they can harm more than just the “pests” at which they are targeted. They are toxic, and exposure to pesticides can not only cause a number of health effects, but is linked to a range of serious illnesses and diseases in humans, from respiratory problems to cancer. Pesticides can cause many types of cancer in humans. Some of the most prevalent forms include leukemia, non-Hodgkins lymphoma, brain, bone, breast, ovarian, prostate, testicular and liver cancers. Pesticides are used to control various pests and disease carriers, such as mosquitoes, ticks, rats and mice. Pesticides are used in agriculture to control weeds, insect infestation and diseases. ... Herbicides to kill or inhibit the growth of unwanted plants, also known as weeds. Insecticides to control insects. Read on to see which natural repellents work best.
- Lemon eucalyptus oil. Used since the 1940s, lemon eucalyptus oil is one of the more well-known natural repellents. ...
- Lavender. ...
- Cinnamon oil. ...
- Thyme oil. ...
- Greek catnip oil. ...
- Soybean oil. ...
- Citronella. ...
- Tea tree oil.
Natural pesticides are pesticides that are made by other organisms usually for their own defense, or are derived from a natural source such as a mineral or plant. Illegal, Cancelled, and Restricted Pesticides. Illegal pesticides include products that are sold or distributed in the U.S. without being evaluated or registered by the EPA. It may also be illegal to distribute misbranded or adulterated pesticides, and pesticides with missing or incorrect label information. Pests may be target insects, vegetation, fungi, etc. Most control the pests by poisoning them. Unfortunately, pesticides can be poisonous to humans as well. Some are very poisonous, or toxic, and may seriously injure or even kill humans. Not only are pesticides dangerous to the environment, but they are also hazardous to a person's health. Pesticides are stored in your colon, where they slowly but surely poison the body. ... Pesticides also have the potential to harm the nervous system, the reproductive system, and the endocrine system. About 97 percent of all body exposure that happens during pesticide spraying is through skin contact. Most pesticides are designed to harm or kill pests. Because some pests have systems similar to the human system, some pesticides also can harm or kill humans.
8 Natural and homemade insecticides
- Oil spray insecticide. ...
- Soap spray insecticide. ...
- Neem oil insecticide. ...
- Diatomaceous earth as a natural pesticide. ...
- Garlic insecticide spray. ...
- Chile pepper insecticide spray. ...
- All-in-one homemade insecticide spray. ...
- Tomato leaf as a natural insecticide.
Rosemary contains an essential oil that acts as a natural mosquito repellent. To keep mosquitoes away from your patio in the summer, place several pots containing rosemary plants along the exterior of your deck or patio.
I am believing above information help.... Regards
Alkaloids such as nicotine from tobacco (Nicotiana tobacco) and pyrethrin from pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium) serves as good plant insecticides. Extracts from neem (Azadirachta indica) contain an antifeedant compound azadirachtin that keeps away the insects. Foliage coated with extract of neem repel Japanese beetles and leaf eating pests. Roots of the plant derris (Derris elliptica) contain a compound rotenone that serves as a strong insecticide.
Article A REVIEW ON THE USE OF NEEM (Azadirachta indica) AS A BIOPESTICIDE
Article Potential of Azadirachtin and Neem (Azadirachta indica) Base...
Chapter Neem Tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) as Source of Bioinsectides
Article Production of natural insecticide from Neem leaves (Azadirac...
Article Potential applications of Neem based products as biopesticides
Article Environmental Friendly Bio-Pesticide Rotenone Extracted From...
Article A Study of Rotenone from Derris Roots of Varies Location, Pl...
Thesis The Yield and Biological Activity (LC50) of Rotenone Extract...
Research EXTRACTION OF PYRETHRINS FROM Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium...
Article . Insecticidal Activity of Flower and Leaf Extracts from Chr...
Article Comparative Performance of Pyrethrum [Chrysanthemum cinerari...
Article Effect of different tobacco extracts on the population build...
Article Tobacco Leaves Pyrolysis for Repellent Active Compound Production
Book GREEN PESTICIDE: THE POTENTIAL OF TOBACCO (Nicotiana tabacum...
Working Paper Reusing The Cigarette Butts for Pesticide in Agriculture
@ Dr. Shibabrata Pattanayak Sir
Millettia pinnata (Synonyms Pongamia pinnata, Pongamia glabra & Derris indica) is a multipurpose tree species belonging to family Fabaceae. The seed oil of the plant possess medicinal properties and used against skin diseases and rheumatism. The seed oil is also used for soap making and as an illuminant. Moreover, after tranesterification, seed oil is used as biofuel, hence Milletia pinnata (= Pongamia pinnata) is also called as"Indian biodiesel tree". It is a potential tree species for restoration of degraded lands. The plant also possess insecticidal properties. Please see the following ResearchGate links and PDF attachments.
Article Future of botanical pesticides in rice, wheat, pulses and ve...
Article Evaluation of botanical and other extracts against plant hop...
Article Efficacy of karanjin and different extracts of Pongamia pinn...
Article Larvicidal activity and possible mode of action of four flav...
Article Potential of Pongamia glabra Vent as an Insecticide of Plant Origin
Article Efficacy of the Extract from Pongam Leaves (Pongamia pinnata...
Article Synergistic action of neem and karanj to aphids and mites.
Article ANTIFEEDANT, LARVICIDAL AND OVIPOSITION DETERGENT ACTIVITY O...
I have gone through all the discussion on biopesticide made by many of the learned members of RG. It is really very informative and thought provocative. There has been traditional use of herbs in almost all ethnic culture worldwide to control the pest. Quite a good number of research works on biopesticide have so far been done and many are being carried out. Many of my esteemed RG friends may opt this as one of their research areas because it has been identified as very promising field of natural product research now.
The environmental risks associated with the continuous use of synthetic pesticides have prompted the use of plant based insecticidal components that provide selective toxicity to insects with minimum off target effects. The use of botanical pesticides offers ecofriendly pest control strategy to aid the agricultural practices. Plant derived pesticidal products/preparations are considered as an effectivet and ecofriendly alternative to synthetic pest controlling chemical compounds, as they easily decompose in the soil and not accumulated in the tissues of plants and animals. There are many preparations from plants that have been used against harmful insect/pest/diseases/nematodes as repellent, antifeedant, growth disruptor, ovicidal, larvicidal, fungicidal, etc.
of course biopesticides were considered ass best alternative for our synthetic pesticides and also to recover our soil microbes. we should also work on some ares the strength of soil microbes around those biopesticides plants roots . These areas might be focused in near future
Garlic (Allium sativum) has the potential to act as a powerful pesticide. Please go through the following references.
Article Use of garlic (Allium sativum) as a repellent crop to contro...
Article Toxicity and repellency of garlic (Allium sativum L.) extrac...
Article Evaluating the efficacy of garlic (Allium sativum) as a bio-...
Article Allium sativum Extract as a Biopesticide Affecting Pepper Blight
Article The potential use of allicin as a biopesticide for the contr...
Article Insecticidal activity of garlic essential oil and their cons...
This mainly depends on the chemicals that can be extracted. Very important topic .. Regards Shibabrata Pattanayak
Certainly, the use of herbs is better than the use of chemical pesticides being environmentally friendly in addition to the cheap price and do not affect the health of the user
Many research in this area are going on even in my institution. however, the sustainability and large scale production of such botanical extract remain a challenge.
10 Plants & Herbs that Help Keep the Pests Away
https://langslawncare.com/blog/outdoor-pest-control/10-plants-herbs-keep-pests-bugs-away/
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