We seek to compile findings documenting the long-term effects of fisheries discharge practices on seabird catch risk in marine capture fisheries, including in pelagic and demersal longline and trawl fisheries. Relative to vessels that refrain from discharging any organic material at sea, does discharging offal, spent bait and dead discarded catch during fishing operations reduce long-term catch risk by keeping scavenging seabirds away from the area where they are at risk of capture, or is the magnitude of any short-term benefit to birds in reduced catch risk offset by a relatively larger magnitude increase in bird catch risk from discharges causing a long-term increase in the abundance of birds attending vessels that provide a food subsidy, increasing competitive scavenging behavior, and/or other responses to vessel discharges?