Groundwater Resources and Climate Change
1. Asia uses 65% of groundwater, worldwide on an annual basis, while rest of the continents use significantly smaller fraction. If so, groundwater remains to be a threatened resource only for Asian countries; and no more a global threat?
2. Following the concept of sustainable energy use (Paris Agreement / COP28) across the globe, can we expect sustainable (ground) water use @ global-scale? Or, Is it a problem of only Asian countries? ‘Sustainable water use’ remains to be different from ‘sustainable energy use’?
3. Whether warming-climate mitigate groundwater availability uniformly in arid, semi-arid & humid regions?
4. 124 cubic-meter per capita in 1950 (groundwater use of 0.3 tera cubic-meters by 2.5 billion people) to 155 cubic-meter per capita in 2022 (1.2 tera cubic-meters by 8 billion people): How does climate-change influence groundwater usage? Or, is it energy usage (13 GWh per person in 1965 to 22GWh per person in 2022) that has influenced groundwater usage?
5. Does climate-change enhance over-draft (the condition of protracted groundwater withdrawal in excess of aquifer recharge that distresses multiple aquifers); and in turn, whether, climate-change (as against groundwater pollution) directly threatens groundwater ‘sustainability’ (safe yield of aquifers: the capacity of groundwater to offer helpful services to humans, while protecting the environment and groundwater-dependent ecosystems in permanency)? If so, what exactly is the role of ‘extreme (precipitation) events’ and its associated (new) recharge techniques?
6. Whether declining precipitation and surface-air temperature remain directly related across the globe?
7. How exactly sea water intrusion into coastal aquifers influence the intensity of groundwater depletion?
8. With increasing number of extreme rainfall events, how exactly, the recharge of storm-water and diverted surplus streamflow into aquifers would remain to be efficient?
9. Water-food-energy nexus: Corrective measures sufficient @ regional-scale, or, required @ global-scale – in the near future?
10. To what extent, the nature of new recharge technique – resulting from extreme rainfall events (associated with climate change) – remain to be different from conventional groundwater recharge technique (associated with a conventional rainfall-run-off event)?
I would request that you look at this website: https://www.solutions-to-climate-change.com/project/fontana-2/, where I attempt to show a way of bringing fresh water directly from the atmosphere to a location below the ground. This should be particularly useful for agricultural societies.
(Bayat et al.)
Groundwater numer-ical simulation is to predict, assess and manage these resources. China, India and Iran are ranked from first to third in excessive consumption of groundwater resources in 2005. On annual bases Iran consumes an average of 5 billion m3 water, which exceeds the available capacity of ground-water layers. This volume of water is equivalent to the volume of water necessary for one-third of the country’s total grain production.
It explains in this article
1. Groundwater Level Prediction through GMS Software – Case Study of Karvan Area, Iran
Usually water resources estimation, conservation and management is done on river basin concept or micro watershed concept. I don't really understand this Asia or World level concept!!?? If you have read the Ground Water Estimation report of Central Ground Water Board of India, you will find how variable is the ground water potential even within one state, there are ground water rich units and Ground Water deficit units. That's why experts suggest micro watershed approach. If one cannot compare the Water scenario of Northern part of India with that of southern part, what is the meaning of comparing the continents??!!
Because in Asia, perception is too low and there isn’t a accurate management based on the new methods on ground water. By increasing the population, Water consumption in agriculture is increased, it causes to threaten resources of grond water
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