For the purpose of protection against ionizing radiation exposures, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has classified all health effects into stochastic effects and tissue reactions (formerly called deterministic or nonstochastic effects). On one hand, the effective dose limit aims to keep the risk of stochastic effects below an acceptable level, where a clear distinction between "safe" and "dangerous" cannot be derived due to he probabilistic nature of stochastic effects and the properties of the linear nonthreshold model. On the other hand, the equivalent dose limits aims to prevent the occurrence of the tissue reactions, where no effects are assumed to occur below a threshold. Currently, threshold dose is defined as dose that causes the effects of interest in 1% of exposed individuals. The dose thresholds depends on the types of effects, severity, and dose rate, although the same threshold is considered for cataracts and circulatory disease independent of dose rate.