EPISTEMOLOGY OF EVER PUSHING THE DEFINITIONS
OF SYSTEMIC CATEGORIES AND AXIOMS
Raphael Neelamkavil, Ph.D., Dr. phil.
We discuss here the continuous and never-ending dimensionality of truth in philosophy, science, philosophical cosmology etc. (in my context, also in Gravitational Coalescence Cosmology – CCG). The present work on a new philosophical cosmology is based on general-ontologically validated epistemological truth-probabilism, which spells out the human tendency to articulate general- and physical-ontological foundations (axiomatic Categorial Laws of metaphysics) that will never be fixed forever, will be ever-better defined, and are therefore clearly and continuously dimensional concepts in the inexhaustible continuation of the very dimension of each of the notions and principles under consideration.
Theoretical foundations that can follow such continuous dimensionality, together, in their implications, indicate not our possession of any truth in its alleged correspondence to the totality of all processes (Reality-in-total) ontologically committed to. They clearly indicate that progress is being made in adequately capturing, or corresponding to, the ideal continuous dimension of what are being sought in human intellectual, technological, and cultural accomplishments – thanks to the logical, epistemological, and ontological implications of Kurt Gödel’s mathematical and logical achievements. [For the achievements of Gödel, see Torkel Franzén 2004: 1-11; see also Richard Tieszen 2011. For a detailed cosmological, epistemological, and ontological treatment of it, see my book, Physics without Metaphysics? Categories of Second Generation Scientific Ontology, 2015, and Gravitational Coalescence Paradox and Cosmogenetic Causality in Quantum Astrophysical Cosmology, 2018.][1]
Progress is being made not merely in the sciences, the arts, human institutions, etc. Progress is concretely taking place in philosophy too. The cumulative effect of progress in philosophy is not so easily visible as in the case of many other disciplines, because philosophy is to some extent philosopher-based and system-based.
The problem of Gödel’s incompleteness theorem stems from the incompleteness of systems that build themselves up with consistency from primitive notions and axioms: “So every formal system of arithmetic cannot derive the assertion of its own consistency, provided that it is consistent.” [Joseph Vidal-Rosset 2006: 56] But the reason for the innate inconsistency is the natural rigidity in the definitions of the primitive notions (Categories) and axioms. Such rigidity stems from the finitely symbolic nature of representations derived from the denotative function of denotatively defined universals / concepts.
Here the system does not sufficiently recognize connotative universals in consciousness, which are the ideal reflections of the ontological universalities / commonalities in the processes being studied. In that case, the issue stems from still deeper realms: the ever-abiding dubitability of any sort of denotative definitions of primitive notions and axioms from which systems start off. This is true of all sciences. That is, we need great flexibility in the definitions of primitive notions and axioms. This flexibility is what I have called “pushing categories and axioms”. In which case, why not consider all sciences philosophies as part of one generalized science facilitating flexibility?
I do not suggest that the general patterns in human thought or philosophy hold within themselves realizations merely of the implications of Gödel’s theorems [Torkel Franzén 2005: 77ff, 137ff] without the possibility of betterment of theories and systems. Truth can be conceived and defined in any rigorous axiomatic system, where foundational incompleteness will be systemically built in clearly from the possibility, after Gödel, of improvement of completeness if the system can follow the method of indefinitely pushing back the ontological and logical limits of definitions of both (1) axioms and sub-axioms as such into more fundamental ones or more adequate definitions of the same axioms, and (2) primitive notions’ meanings by reason of their definitions. I shall call this solution the method of “pushing Categories and axioms” into more fundamental realms in their definitions. This is the epistemological-methodological foundation of systemic science, namely, the science of all sciences.
This manner of procedure is the most fundamental epistemological ingredient of progress in systems, and this is what happens in history when systems are overhauled or overwhelmed in parts or as wholes. Without such pushing the definitional limits of the basic Categories (primitive notions, metaphysical Laws) and the axioms already created in any system, there is no foundation-building in systems of any kind, especially after we have proofs for this necessity in the logical, epistemological, and ontological implications of the work of Gödel.
This fact will (1) positively relativize the concept of philosophical, mathematical, and scientific truth and (2) negatively highlight human intellectual, technological, cultural, political, and religious institutions’ tendency to fossilize truths. Not relativistic truth-probabilism but clear, adequate, and applicable systemism with ever higher truth-probabilities is to be the foundation of all human thought including mathematics and logic. This is the justification for the creation of the systemic, axiomatic foundations of the sciences of all sciences. This would also satisfy postmodern philosophies with their Socratic effect upon philosophies and sciences and permit philosophy to find surer but ever more flexible paths.
[1] I define: Logic is the science of the best intersubjectively rational consequence of ever higher truth-probability in statements. Epistemology is the science of justifications for the fact and manner of achieving rationally explicable consequence, in a spirally broadening and deepening manner, serving to achieve ever better approximations of the epistemological ideal of Reality-in-general. (Einaic) Ontology is the rationally consequent science of the totality of existents, its parts, and their sine qua nons in terms of the To Be (Einai) of Reality-in-total and/or the to be (einai) of its parts (reality-in-particular), serving to achieve ever better approximations of the epistemological ideal of Reality-in-total.
Bibliography
(1) Gravitational Coalescence Paradox and Cosmogenetic Causality in Quantum Astrophysical Cosmology, 647 pp., Berlin, 2018.
(2) Physics without Metaphysics? Categories of Second Generation Scientific Ontology, 386 pp., Frankfurt, 2015.
(3) Causal Ubiquity in Quantum Physics: A Superluminal and Local-Causal Physical Ontology, 361 pp., Frankfurt, 2014.
(4) Essential Cosmology and Philosophy for All: Gravitational Coalescence Cosmology, 92 pp., KDP Amazon, 2022, 2nd Edition.
(5) Essenzielle Kosmologie und Philosophie für alle: Gravitational-Koaleszenz-Kosmologie, 104 pp., KDP Amazon, 2022, 1st Edition.
Stephen I. Ternyik,
Thanks. We are trying to create the possibly most systemic -- not merely analytic or systematic -- foundations for future science and philosophy. Hence, we DO NOT try to ditch the whole system by saying (1) that some specific detail of a particular science here or there needs justification, and (2) that, hence, the broadest possible systemic foundations of science cannot work!
There may be many who insist that some little detail of that science or this science is against the broader picture and the broader proposal. Somehow, both science and philosophy need to seek ways of overcoming the defects of the present scientific practices.
How to philosophize? How to philosophize in the sciences?
https://www.researchgate.net/post/How_to_philosophize_How_to_philosophize_in_the_sciences
Scientific Metaphysical Categories beyond Heidegger
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Scientific_Metaphysical_Categories_beyond_Heidegger
Induction or Deduction: Mutually Exclusive in Logic, Science, Mathematics, and Philosophy of Science?
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Induction_or_Deduction_Mutually_Exclusive_in_Logic_Science_Mathematics_and_Philosophy_of_Science
Have you heard or read psychologists, neuroscientists, medical doctors, etc. discussing some symptoms and their causes? A book in psychology says: 'According to the bio-psycho-social approach in psychopathology, one mental disturbance CAN have many causes.' But a person trained and enthusiastic about philosophy (also of the philosophy of the sciences) would wonder why there should not be many causes, at least some of which one could seek to find....! Finding out "only the immediate, exact and unique cause" is not their work because any reason can tell us that nothing in this world has an exact cause.
This directs our attention to a basic nature of philosophy: Not that a philosopher should only generalize. But a philosopher should study any specific thing only in terms of the most generalizable notions. Here 'generality' does not directly indicate only abstraction. It demonstrates the viewpoint that philosophy always takes. Hence, speaking only of the linguistic formulation of notions and arguments, formulating arguments only of life-related events in order to prove general principles that belong to the whole of Reality, etc. are not philosophical. The philosophically trained reader can recognize which recent trends in philosophy I have in mind here.
I have been revising this short discussion paper of mine in RG. It is an attempt to correct some basic attitudes in physics. Just now I have written an introduction to it. Please read it here. In a few days I shall upload the whole lead-text of this discussion for your reading and comments. Here please find only the introduction:
FOUNDATIONS OF AXIOMATIC PHILOSOPHY AND SCIENCE
1. INTRODUCTION
I get surprised each time when some physicists tell me that either the electromagnetic (EM) or the gravitational (G) or both the forms of energy do not exist, but are to be treated or expressed as waves or particles propagated from material objects that of course exist. Some of them put in all their energies to show that both EM and G are mere mathematical fields, and not physically existent fields of energy propagations from bodies.
This is similar in effect to Newton and his followers thinking honestly and religiously that gravitation and other energies are just miraculously non-bodily actions at a distance without any propagation particles / wavicles.
Even in the 21stcentury, we must be sharply aware that from the past more than 120 years the General Theory of Relativity and its various versions have succeeded in casting and maintaining the power of a terrifying veil of mathematical miracles on the minds of many scientists – miracles such as the mere spacetime curvature being the meaning of gravitation and all other sorts of fields.
A similar veil has been installed on the minds of many physicists by quantum physics too. We do not discuss it here. Hence, I have constructed in four published books a systemic manner of understanding these problems. I do not claim perfection in any of my attempts. Hence, I keep perfecting my efforts in the course of years. The following is a very short attempt to summarize in this effort one important point in physics and in the philosophy of physics.
How to Ground Science and Philosophy Together Axiomatically?
https://www.researchgate.net/post/How_to_Ground_Science_and_Philosophy_Together_Axiomatically
Symmetry: A Subset of Universal Causality. The Difference between Cause and Reason
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Symmetry_A_Subset_of_Universal_Causality_The_Difference_between_Cause_and_Reason
This discussion-text is just 2.5 pages, but intense. Meant for those who are interested in a clear presentation of what symmetry and symmetry breaking are, and of how physicists and mathematicians tend to misunderstand and/or misuse these concepts.
The Universally Causal context of the concept of symmetry is explained in terms of a solidly founded system of differentiation between cause and reason.
The Fallacies of Space, Time, and Spacetime in Physics
https://www.researchgate.net/post/The_Fallacies_of_Space_Time_and_Spacetime_in_Physics
Physical and Exact Sciences and Axiomatic Philosophy: Introducing Grounding (long text)
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Physical_and_Exact_Sciences_and_Axiomatic_Philosophy_Introducing_Grounding_long_text
Causality and Statistics: Their Levels of Effect and of Explanation
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Causality_and_Statistics_Their_Levels_of_Effect_and_of_Explanation
Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox and Non-Locality: Is Einstein a Monist?
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen_Paradox_and_Non-Locality_Is_Einstein_a_Monist
The Fate of “Source-Independence” in Electromagnetism, Gravitation, and Monopoles
https://www.researchgate.net/post/The_Fate_of_Source-Independence_in_Electromagnetism_Gravitation_and_Monopoles
If anyone wants to read about a fantastic concept of the existence of consciousness and non-existence of the cosmos, see the comments till today here, by L Kurt Engelhart.......!!! Here you can learn the meaning of solipsism.... and similar to mathematical platonism creating ideas / notions into objects.
https://www.researchgate.net/post/How_to_philosophize_How_to_philosophize_in_the_sciences
Essential Reason in Physicists’ Use of Logic: And in Other Sciences Too!
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Essential_Reason_in_Physicists_Use_of_Logic_And_in_Other_Sciences_Too
Preprint ESSENTIAL REASON IN PHYSICISTS' USE OF LOGIC: IN OTHER SCIENCES TOO
How Does Physics Know? The Epistemology Presupposed by Physics and Other Sciences
https://www.researchgate.net/post/How_Does_Physics_Know_The_Epistemology_Presupposed_by_Physics_and_Other_Sciences
Preprint MATHEMATICAL SOURCE OF FLAWS IN COSMOLOGICAL THEORIES: MATHE...
Preprint THE EPISTEMOLOGY PRESUPPOSED BY PHYSICS AND OTHER SCIENCES R...
PHYSICAL-PROCESSUAL REPRESENTATION OF IRRATIONAL NUMBERS
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Physical-Processual_Representation_of_Irrational_Numbers
THE ONTOLOGY BEHIND PHYSICS
3.1. Traditional Physical Categories
https://www.researchgate.net/post/The_Ontology_behind_Physics
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Grounded_Physical-Ontological_Categories_behind_Physics
Grounded (New) Physical-Ontological Categories behind Physics
Preprint THE ONTOLOGY BEHIND PHYSICS: CRITIQUE OF TRADITIONAL PHYSICA...
A SIMPLE GAME-CHANGER CAUSALITY FOR PHYSICS: Beyond the Two Millennia
https://www.researchgate.net/post/A_SIMPLE_GAME-CHANGER_CAUSALITY_FOR_PHYSICS_Beyond_the_Two_Millennia
https://www.researchgate.net/post/DEFINITION_OF_THE_ONTOLOGY_BEHIND_PHYSICS_5_Paragraphs
DEFINITION OF THE ONTOLOGY BEHIND PHYSICS (5 Paragraphs)
THE ANOMALY IN MATHEMATICAL / THEORETICAL PHYSICS (Short Text)
https://www.researchgate.net/post/THE_ANOMALY_IN_MATHEMATICAL_THEORETICAL_PHYSICS_Short_Text
Here a serious and somewhat complex matter to discuss:
NON-FOUNDATIONS OF ‘WAVICLES’ IN EINSTEIN-PODOLSKY-ROSEN PARADOX: Bases for Quantum Physics to Evolve (Maybe a physical-ontological Breakthrough)
https://www.researchgate.net/post/NON-FOUNDATIONS_OF_WAVICLES_IN_EINSTEIN-PODOLSKY-ROSEN_PARADOX_Bases_for_Quantum_Physics_to_Evolve_Maybe_a_physical-ontological_Breakthrough
AGAINST COSMIC ISOTROPY, CONFORMAL CYCLIC COSMOS, ETERNAL INFLATION, etc.: A Critique of Identity, Simultaneity, Cosmic Repetition / Recycling, etc.
https://www.researchgate.net/post/AGAINST_COSMIC_ISOTROPY_CONFORMAL_CYCLIC_COSMOS_ETERNAL_INFLATION_etc_A_Critique_of_Identity_Simultaneity_Cosmic_Repetition_Recycling_etc
Preprint A SIMPLE GAME-CHANGER CAUSALITY FOR PHYSICS Beyond the Two Millennia
Preprint ESSENTIAL LOGIC, EPISTEMOLOGY, AND ONTOLOGY BEHIND PHYSICS, ...
WHAT IS THE MYSTERIOUS STUFF OF INFORMATION? A Short but Clear Definition
https://www.researchgate.net/post/WHAT_IS_THE_MYSTERIOUS_STUFF_OF_INFORMATION_A_Short_but_Clear_Definition
Preprint COSMIC ISOTROPY, CONFORMAL CYCLIC COSMOS, ETERNAL INFLATION:...
THE PLANCK ERA / QUANTUM ERA and “DISAPPEARANCE” OF PHYSICAL CAUSALITY: “OMNIPOTENCE” OF MATHEMATICS
https://www.researchgate.net/post/THE_PLANCK_ERA_QUANTUM_ERA_and_DISAPPEARANCE_OF_PHYSICAL_CAUSALITY_OMNIPOTENCE_OF_MATHEMATICS
Preprint PLANCK ERA or QUANTUM ERA,and ”DISAPPEARANCE” OF CAUSALITY. ...
Preprint CAUSAL HORIZONAL RESEARCH: A METHODOLOGY IN PHYSICS Raphael ...
https://www.researchgate.net/post/WHAT_IS_INFORMATION_WHAT_IS_ITS_CAUSAL_OR_NON-CAUSAL_CORE_A_Discussion
https://www.researchgate.net/post/LINGUISTIC_HERESY_BEHIND_SELF-ORGANIZATION_SELF-REFERENCE_INTENTIONALITY_PHYSICAL_AND_BIOLOGICAL_SELF-INTERACTION_etc
Deleted research item The research item mentioned here has been deleted
Preprint LINGUISTIC HERESY OF DENOTATIVE ABSOLUTISM: PHYSICAL-BIOLOGI...
https://www.researchgate.net/post/ONTOLOGICAL_DIFFERENCES_OF_CHARACTERISTICS_OF_ARTIFICIAL_AND_BIOLOGICAL_INTELLIGENCE_ALGORITHMS_AND_PROCEDURES_Against_Exaggerations
“If perception is input from the world to the mind and action is output from the mind to the world, then the mind as distinct from the world is what the input is to and what the output is from. So, despite the web of causal relations between organisms and environments, we suppose the mind must be in a separate place, within some boundary that sets it apart from the world.” [Susan L. Hurley, Consciousness in Action, 1998: 2]
And can consciousness / mind be of the same status as information? I doubt.
https://www.researchgate.net/post/WHY_EXACTLY_THE_WAVE-PARTICLE_DUALITY_Phenomenal_Ontological_Commitment_POC_as_the_Solution
https://www.researchgate.net/post/UNTENABLE_REIFICATION_OF_CONCEPTS_IN_PHYSICS_With_Examples
https://www.researchgate.net/post/DOES_CONSCIOUSNESS_EXIST_OR_IS_IT_LIKE_INFORMATION_A_Very_Short_Text_for_Discussion
Preprint WHY EXACTLY WAVE-PARTICLE DUALITY? Phenomenal Ontological Co...
https://www.researchgate.net/post/DO_PHYSICAL_QUANTA_EXIST_Why_Should_CONSCIOUSNESS_Be_Treated_Quantum-Biologically
https://www.researchgate.net/post/HEIDEGGER_How_a_Philosopher_Destroys_His_Own_Thoughts_Coherence_and_Adequacy
Preprint UNIVERSAL CAUSALITY AND THE PHYSICAL-ONTOLOGICAL DEFECT OF N...
Preprint DIFFERENCES IN THE CONCEPTS OF CAUSALITY IN METAPHYSICS AND ...
Preprint BEYOND CAUSAL ITERATION QUANTIFIABILITY IN LINGUISTIC SPACE-TIME
Preprint BEYOND THE CAUSAL ITERATION METHOD. Short Text (Beyond Judea Pearl)
Preprint REFERENCE, APPLICABILITY, AND ADEQUACY OF UNIVERSALS, INFORM...
Preprint DENOTATIVE ABSOLUTISM. A 20TH CENTURY LOGICAL AND LINGUISTIC HERESY
Preprint INEVITABILITY OF COSMOLOGICAL, ONTOLOGICAL, AND EPISTEMOLOGI...
Preprint Introducing GRAVITATIONAL COALESCENCE PARADOX: COSMOGENETIC CAUSALITY
Ontological Universals, Virtual Worlds, and Linguistics: I create detailed concepts of universals as the inner constitution of what many thinkers and scientists have termed in a mutually confusing manner as universal, quality, and property. I define quality and property in terms of universals of three types. The basic type is ontological universals, but these are not meant in its traditional use of classifying the substance of entities with or devoid of accidents.
Ontological universals are the pure ways of being of beings, which (the ways) conglomerate and give rise to properties. Qualities, when meant in their ontological purity too are taken here as ontological universals. Hence, concepts like ‘tiger’, ‘man’, etc. are not ontological universals.
First of all, they are denotative terms with their conceptually pure connotative part in presupposedly pure consciousness. Denotative universals have their conceptual ingredients, i.e., the pure connotative universals, which are pure mental reflections of ontological universals. Denotative universals are either actual concepts (connotatives plus brain elements) in minds or linguistic terms or words (connotatives plus linguistic elements) in language. Actual tiger, man, etc. are token entities within the natural kinds termed tigers, humans, etc., classified under certain properties, not under universals.
These properties are what many analytic and scientific thinkers today term qualia. Some mean the perceptual or conceptual occurrences, some the linguistic terms, some their instantiations in existent processes, and some a mixture of some or all of them! This is a highly confused state in philosophy – in my opinion, causing much wastage of journal and monograph pages, as will be shown in Chapter --.
Thus, to achieve clarity briefly, a star consists of many indivisible ontological universals and the matter-energy proper to it. The latter in its totality alone does not make it a token in the natural kind. Each ontological universal in a star’s common property is present as a common pure quality in all the members of the star as a type. By reason of the property (not the ontological universal) in all tokens, the natural kind may be characterized to be a natural set under the pertinent set (property) of pure ways of being termed ontological universals.
Thus, a star as a token in a natural kind has many universals plus the finite matter-energy process involved. Anything denoted other than existents and their directly pertinent ontological universals may be termed perceptions, imaginations, emotions, thoughts, truths, quasi-truths, falsities, theories, etc. In this capacity as denotable but non-existent, these realities have existent counterparts that are not identifiable with the imaginations, emotions, etc.
These may variously be termed virtual worlds of various kinds in that they, in their concatenative nature, represent most of the time the states of affairs within the world or its parts. These are not the same as existent worlds or their directly pertinent pure “ontological universals”.
It is the work of science in general and of the science of verbs, nouns, and attributes to define and describe the primary nature of and connection with Reality-in-total, of what are termed perceptions, imaginations, emotions, thoughts, truths, quasi-truths, falsities, theories, etc.
Since these are not existent like things, but represent existent worlds in a theoretical manner, they may in general be termed virtual worlds – some of them with more conceptual representation capacity with respect to their objects outside the minds, and others with least representation capacity that reduces them to mere virtuals.
As regards the Causality in them, their matter-energy-type processual counterparts alone are causal. Language is a way of making least virtual and highly virtual worlds; although the occurrences of language and the virtual worlds in concepts are causal and are not themselves virtual worlds. In the present work I attempt to base universal-causally these virtual worlds in existent worlds.
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