At first sight, the Article can raise concerns about judicial overreach, since courts might use it to read new or evolving obligations into treaties that states never explicitly accepted. However, systemic integration plays a crucial role in preventing the fragmentation of international law and promoting coherence across different regimes. Ultimately, the risk lies less in the rule itself than in how it is applied: if courts respect the line between interpretation and treaty-making, systemic integration strengthens consistency without overstepping judicial authority.