HI Minaketan,

Stigmatization can be experienced in the public spaces but this is usually carried out by a few set of people. Many societies in the Western countries have laws that prohibits discrimination but this is sometimes ignored by some individuals. Meanwhile, there could be restriction on some members of the society to access and use certain public facilities or services just to safeguard the health of populace. In such a case, this would not be regarded as discrimination/stigmatization.

In general, the context and how the intended message are portrayed are more important!

Olawale Festus Olaniyan Thank you for the response.

Well, we can remember how slavery worked (and still works in some places) and we can remember segregation back in the 50’s in the U.S. In many countries, there is legislation to fight this phenomena. Still, there are members of groups that feel that they are not welcome in the publics sphere, by general attitudes displayed, not necessarily legal, but quite powerful on their impact

Well, the question asked is very generic and social exclusion covers wide range of variables that affect that specific community/group being discriminate both economically (job opportunities and freedom to do business etc) and socially (anxiety, stress, depression). Since the question asked is related to public space and services, yes it does affect the mindset of specific group being discriminated and it could be an intentional (state sponsored) act or unintentionally (by general public). The issue highlighted is prevailing in both developed and developing countries. The situation is worst in developing or under-developed regions where economy also play an important role. In worst cases, this discrimination results into hatred, anti-state retaliation and anarchy in the society. For explanation I want to refer to some examples and wish to include China, India and Pakistan.

The recent revocation of special status of Kashmir in India (as explained in article 370 of Indian constitution) and introduction of Muslim discriminated citizenship bill is damaging Indian economy to large extent. Both state and Muslim community have different narratives but you may consider it in your study.

( https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/article-370-scrapped-how-kashmir-became-valley-no-investments-unemployment/story/370664.html )

About China, Uighur Muslims camps in Xinjiang, province is another example. ( https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-50511063 )

In Pakistan, after 9/11 when the initially known Mujahideen forces (trained and armed during soviet's Afghan invasion) later called Taliban with movement known as TTP (Tehrik e Taliban Pakistan) majorly consist of Pashtoon/Paktoon ethnic group widely populated in Afghan-Pakistan border areas were started being discriminate in other part of country, such as in news papers their cartoons were published to indirectly sent the message that this complete ethnic group is actually Taliban (Taliban is generalized to be pastoons) that is totally wrong. Anyway, this group is not considered an ethnic minority but again their movements were restricted in many part of Pakistan due to potential terrorist attack although recently security situation improves. ( https://www.dw.com/en/pashtuns-rise-up-against-war-taliban-and-pakistani-military/a-43309299 )

Another ethnic minority group called "Hazara" situated in Baluchistan province of Pakistan is being discriminate and even mass murdered since past few years due to their religious believe and ethnicity. The people of this community cannot use normal transport inside Quetta and other part of province. Public transporters don't allow them inside their buses due to potential threat of any terrorist attack. They directly excuse by referring, we cannot put the life of other passengers on risk. There movement is limited and they cannot do business in open market as recently most of the businessman from this community is targeted and killed. In past ten years about 100,000 members of this community migrated to Australia, Europe etc to seek asylum. The complete area is surrounded by security forces for past 6-7 years and its hard to say either the presence of security forces for this long period is for the protection or ... For more details, you may refer to

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-22248500

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42219669

https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/04/30/pakistans-hazara-community-under-attack

The above mentioned analysis is my personnel opinion and I apologize if it hurts sentiment of any specific group/community. I am not sure if I answered the question asked appropriately.

Hi. Yes, social exclusion is a complex concept and we can certainly talk about exclusion based on ethnicity in accessing some public services. Maybe this paper can help a little -

Faye A. Gary (2005) STIGMA: BARRIER TO MENTAL HEALTH CARE AMONG ETHNIC MINORITIES, Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 26:10, 979-999, DOI: 10.1080/01612840500280638

Yehuda Bar Shalom Thank you for sharing your idea.

Muhammad Gulzari Thank you so much for your response.

Sanja Bjezancevic Thank you very much for sharing the information.

It "effects-your=our" ability to enjoy living. entanglement is more than theoretical, it defines while enabling those in power. the public spaces are actually land, water and air principally, not necessarily alleys, streets or homes as is portrayed mostly in rhetorical dogmas, both Capitalistic and Communistic. the lack of of sociocratic infrastructure where anyone can call for real help really only means 1% prohitits 99% from "suing the eye side" ~ New Age Cybernetics seeks to help remedy this condition with Bio-Electric Signature and Reference Architecture. Your help is requested. #616 was here