Gender orientation and emergent leader behavior

 By Ernest B. Gurman and Keith Long

 Two studies compared the effects of masculinity and femininity on rater and ratee evaluations of emergent leader behavior in mixed- and same-sex groups. Data were collected in two consensus-seeking studies using the same procedures; only the gender composition of the task groups was changed. The first study was composed of 39 female and 21 male students in 15 mixed-sex groups, and the second study included 96 female students in 22 same-sex groups. Masculinity and femininity were measured with the Bem Sex Role Inventory [L. Bem, (1974) “The Measurement of Psychology Androgyny,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,Vol. 42, pp. 155–162]. Contrary to research and theory, masculinity was not associated with peer-rated leadership, yet femininity was correlated with two measures of self-rated leadership.

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00289947

Yes, the biological composition of women affects their behavior as leaders,not because it makes them weaker or not tough enough for a leading position ,but just because the society view women as helpless and emotional .This is evident in their shrinking presence in leading positions.

سلام جاسم حمود 

المحترم

من المؤكد تأثير تركيبة المرأة وتكوينها وانشائها البايلوجي في سلوكها بشكل عام وفي سلوكها القيادي بشكل خاص 

وهذا التمايز اشار اليه الخالق عز وجل في كتابه العزيز حين جعل القيمومة للرجال عليهن بناءا على طبيعة هذا التكوين الخاص الذي يتميزن به  عن الرجال

ومن نفس مشكاة هذا التشريع الالهي نرى رسولنا الكريم صلى الله عليه واله وسلم يوصي بهن فيقول : رفقا بالقوارير . 

مع بالغ احترامي 

احسنتم دكتور مازن 

Dear Basema Younes, 

Do you think the quality of leadership work also has a role in that?

Dear Dr.  Mohannad Husain Al-Sherrawi

I know most of these articles, but what I need is your own opinion.

With my best regards for your continued valuable contribution  

No!

It is the perception and stereotype about women by the society.

Do you have evidence Dr. Subhash C. Kundu?

Thank you, Dr Mazin, For sharing my Question

To answer your question dear Salam , leadership work wasn't designed for a certain gender  because leadership is a behavior and a way of  thinking about doing work and leading a process . women or men each have a part in life and they both faced and will face success and fails in leadership plus history has evidences about the influence of women in all types of works.

Dear Basema Younes

Now you are a female educational leader, give me your impression about this issue

I am studying and dealing with lecturers and colleagues of both sexes. I do not feel the difference that a woman may feel elsewhere in the world because the Emirati society, with the influence and support of the leadership, promotes equality and does not set limits or draw obstacles for women in all areas of leadership work. My knowledge of the circumstances of some other societies recognizes that some women suffer from a gap that deepens the differences between them and men. This gap is made by the male dominant society.

Dear Basema, 

I just wanted your impression on the biological determinants of a woman's success as a leader, I did not mean societal determinants or community status

The answer will, of course, depends on how you define leadership and which behaviors you've assigned to that definition.

If the attached link accurately reflects the studies, it would suggest that twins often share behavioral characteristics even when raised in different environments. If this is the case, then it's an argument for the idea that at least some behavioral characteristics are genetic. This implies that gender-related behavior differences must be more social than genetic. It wouldn't make sense for male or female behavioral characteristics to be gender-specific because a person of either gender would need genes for a range of characteristics to pass on to children of either gender. 

On the other hand, brain chemistry related to gender-specific hormones might play a role in some behaviors. Olsson, et al.'s research (2016) suggests that administering testosterone to women makes it easier for them to perceive dominance-related facial expressions and administering estrogen to men makes it easier for them to perceive affective reactions in facial expressions. So does testosterone tend to make men more socially competitive and does estrogen tend to make women more socially aware? If so, does the variability in these hormones in people of either gender impact their leadership skills? In what way? What is the optimal balance of competitiveness and awareness that qualifies as leadership?

Wood & Eagly's (2002) research concludes "the behavior of women and men is sufficiently malleable that individuals of both sexes are potentially capable of effectively carrying out organizational roles at all levels. This conclusion is substantiated by the considerable variability that we found across societies in the activities performed by men and by women." 

On the other hand, per Scmitt and Wirth (2009), "Numerous studies have found that, compared to women, men express higher levels of social dominance orientation (SDO), an individual difference variable reflecting support for unequal, hierarchial relationships between groups." In practice, Social Dominance Orientation-related behaviors are incredibly unhelpful when leaders engage in them. Are they caused by testosterone? Socialization? Something else? Cheng et al.'s (2010) research finds that people are more responsive to figures who engage in aggressive social behaviors, but Tost et al., (2017) find that this diminishes team performance.

https://www.livescience.com/47288-twin-study-importance-of-genetics.html

As  any subject needs to be strongly proved by references  i think Maria has done that and proved her answer by several references , but , i will say that girls and boys attend the same schools and graduate from the same universities and colleges, in addition to that , girls achieve better grades in education .

The main issue in some societies is that woman will have to choose between staying at home or work, marry or succeed in a profession, and this happens because she will not be able to have children after a certain age and because her biological status requires her to give up success to have a family . But what if a woman does not want to make a family and she is financially and educationally  satisfied? What if women are beyond the age of family composition, for example, does this mean that they cannot become leaders?

It is the societal pressures that make the choice of women to work or not to marry as a biological issue , whereas if the same thing happens with men it will be said that he achieves his career and has the freedom to do what he wants and this has nothing to do with biological thing at all. It is not so much a form of biology as the formation of a society's memory. Although many researchers indicate  that the difference in hormones plays a role in distinguishing between the body of a woman and the body of a man or their minds, but there is no specific form of leadership or job that makes women unable to succeed in them because of this harmonic myth.  What about women who ruled in history , where they biologically different ? What about women who lead nowadays ?  It is again the society that does not want to allow women get their equal rights by sticking to differences in body or hormones.  

Dear Maria Denise Nichols and Basema Younes 

With my respect for all your opinions, 

With regard to articles and research on women's leadership, in my question, I am not against it, but on the contrary, I am empowering women to be leaders

But what was meant by my question, Are there any biological determinants that prevent or encourage women to be leaders?

on anyway the articles above are still purely questions

Thanks for your valuable contribution.

Hi 

I think if the women intend to attend the life of leadership and politics, they have to fight cause they women. This kind of struggle will against their nature as a kind creatures. They may be success in other higher ranks of other types of careers but not as a leader as I think. 

Liqaa 

Which is means that the Biological composition will affect this aspect Dr. Liqaa?

https://www.livescience.com/47288-t...n-study-importance-of-genetics.htmlhttps://www.livescience.com/47288-twin-study-importance-of-genetics.html