There are methods for assessing/measuring at least some of the personality constructs involved in psychoanalytic theory (including its updated cousins, ego psychology and object relations theory). However, please be aware that since many of these constructs are thought to operate below the threshold of awareness, they are not best measured using self-report inventories. I'm not sure what "defense mechanism test" you are referring to, but it sounds like a self-report measure.
If you are interested in primary process thinking (primitive drives and non-logical forms of thought), check out Robert R. Holt's work. His most recent (probably last) book is entitled Primary Process Thinking and includes a DVD with complete scoring manuals. This system usually draws on Rorschach responses, but can be adapted for use with the Thematic Apperception Test (T.A.T.). It has been well validated. There is even a way of evaluating the person's capacity for adaptive regression.
There are other psychoanalytic approaches to the Rorschach as well. Look for relevant articles and books by Joseph Masling, Sidney Blatt, P. Lerner, and others. Robert Bornstein has done a great deal with the Rorschach Oral Dependency Scale; Blatt developed a rating system for object representations.
The T.A.T. has also been adapted for psychoanalytic interpretation. Two of the best-known systems are Phoebe Cramer's scoring system for defense mechanisms and Drew Westen's system for evaluating object relations and social cognition (the SCORS). These are both well validated. The basic scoring manuals are available on line; I'm attaching copies.
Defense mechanisms can also be evaluated reliably using J. Christopher Perry's Defense Mechanism Rating System, which involves conducting a clinical interview and observing the individual's responses to probing or challenging queries, or using George Vaillant's system for evaluating people's life stories. Vaillant's work is well described in his books, especially Adaptation to Life. Many published articles discuss Perry's, but you'd need to contact him to obtain a copy of the actual manual.
Obviously the subject is large. I can do little more than to point you toward some of the right places to look. It's well worth pursuing, but it isn't something one just starts using after a few hours' reading. You start with basic competence at administering the measures in question, then work to develop scoring expertise.