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Dear sir 

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Dear sir 

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Dear sir 

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Source:https://www.elaw.org/system/files/Sethusamudram_Shipping_Canal_Project_Final.pdf

 Continuous measurements on tidal current speed and direction were carried out for three seasons at 4 locations viz., 1) stn. C1 – off ArimunaiAdam’s Bridge, 2) stn. C2 – off Uthalai (Gulf of mannar), 3) stn. C3 – Pamban Pass, and 4) stn. C4 – of Tharuvai (Palk Bay). The measured currents were resolved into parallel and perpendicular components with respect to the coastline.

SW monsoon (June to September)

Near Arimunai (stn.C1) the average current speed occurred around 0.2 m/s with the maximum and minimum speed of 0.3 m/s and 0.05 m/s respectively both at surface and bottom. The variation of current direction had not followed the tidal phase. It showed consistent northwesterly flow 35 over one tidal cycle and changed to southeasterly flow for the subsequent tidal cycle. It indicates that current shifted its flow direction for alternate tidal cycles rather than flood and ebb tidal phases. The shore parallel component of currents indicates that for larger tidal range, the flow was in westerly direction and for small range in easterly direction. The shore perpendicular component of currents indicates that the flow consistently existed from Gulf of Mannar into Palk Bay. The northwesterly and south westerly currents over different tidal cycles were found to bw equally predominant. At Uthalai (stn.2) in GOM, the average current prevailed around 0.1 m/s with the maximum and minimum of 0.2 m/s and 0.05 m/s respectively. Similar to Stn.C1, the bottom current was seen responding to tides flowing east over one tidal cycle and west during the subsequent tidal cycle. The direction of flow was predominant in southeasterly direction for larger tidal range and north westerly direction for small tidal range. The shore parallel component of currents indicates that the flow shifted in southeast and north west both at surface and bottom. The shore perpendicular component of currents indicates that the flow shifts towards north east and south west both at surface and remains consistently northeast at bottom. The current speed near Pamban Pass (stn.C3) was found to be strong showing an average of 0.5 m/s, with the maximum of 1 m/s and minimum of 0.1 m/s. Current direction remained consistently northeast flowing from GOM into Palk Bay. Variation of current speed shows that the magnitude of current speed was more during flood and less during evv tide indicating the influence of tides over the seasonal unidirectional flow. The shore parallel component of currents indicates that the flow is into Palk Bay with high speed during flood tide and low speed during ebb tide. The shore perpendicular component of currents indicates that the flow is across the Pamban with high speed during flood tide and low speed during ebb tide. At Tharuvai (stn.C4), the average current speed of 0.2 m/s with the maximum of 0.3 m/s and minimum of 0.1 m/s were observed both at surface and at bottom. The flow was unidirectional towards south east but the current speed varied with tidal phase. Current speed was high during flood tide and low during ebb tide indicating the strong influence of seasonal circulation current towards northeast during south west monsoon. The shore parallel component of currents indicates that the flow was towards southeast at surface and bottom. The shore perpendicular component of currents indicates the flow was towards northeast both at surface and at bottom. The measurement shows that during SW monsoon when tidal range is large, the opposite direction of flow prevails between Adam’s Bridge (stn.C1) and Uthalai (stn.2) would cause the water mass to flow from the GOM to Palk Bay. This flow would transport sediments into Palk Bay from GOM. On the other hand, when the range is small, the divergence of flow occurring near the Adam’s Bridge and Uthalai would initiate a flow from Palk Bay into GOM through Adam’s Bridge.

Northeast Monsoon (October to January)

Near Arimunai (stn.C1), current was generally weak showing an average of 0.1 m/s, with the maximum of 0.2 m/s and minimum of 0.05 m/s. The flow direction remained unidirectional towards west both at surface and bottom. The current speed increased during flood tide and reduced during ebb tide. The shore parallel component of currents indicates that the flow was consistently towards northwest at surface and bottom. The shore perpendicular component of currents indicates the flow prevailed northeast at surface and south west at bottom. The variation of currents at Uthalai (stn.2), showed an average current speed of 0.08 m/s, with the maximum of 0.15 m/s and a minimum of 0.04 m/s. The bottom flow was nearly unidirectional towards southeast. The shore parallel component of currents indicates that the flow was oscillating in southeast and northwest at surface and remaining consistently southeast at bottom. The shore perpendicular component of currents indicates that the flow was towards northeast both at surface and bottom. The currents at Pamban pass (stn.C3) prevailed strong with the average of 0.1 m/s, maximum of 1.4 m/s and minimum of 0.5 m/s. Currents remained consistently unidirectional around 2250 . The change in tidal phase caused the variation in current speed showing stronger currents during ebb tide and reduction in current speed during flood tide. It indicates that the flood tide propagates fro GOM to Palk Bay and vice versa. The shore parallel component indicates that the flow was consistently from Palk Bay into GOM both during ebb and flow tides. The shore perpendicular component of currents indicates the flow was across the Pamban from Rameshwaram to Mandapam. The current was found to be weak off Tharuvai at Palk Bay (stn.4) showing the average speed of 0.1 m/s, maximum of 0.13 m/s and minimum of 0.04 m/s. Similar to stn.C3, the current flow was unidirectional towards 2500 , but the speed was high during ebb tide and low during flood tide. The shore parallel component of currents indicates that the flow was towards northeast both at surface and bottom. The shore perpendicular component of currents indicates that the flow was towards southwest both at surface and at bottom. The observation during northeast monsoon indicates thet the current flow was more influenced by seasonal flow than by tides. Stronger currents were observed during ebb tides flowing from Palk Bay into GOM through Pamban pass. The currents were generally weak in GOM and Palk Bay (stns.C2 and C4). Significant flow from Palk Bay was observed through Adam’s Bridge also. Such current pattern during NE monsoon can transport and exchange the sediments from Palk Bay into GOM. Fair weather period (February to May) The current at Arimunai (stn.1) was generally weak showing average of 0.1 m/s, with the maximum of 0.2 m/s and minimum of 0.05 m/s. The current flow was found to be unidirectional towards northwest both at surface and bottom. The shore parallel component of currents indicates that the flow was towards northwest both at surface and at bottom. The 37 shore perpendicular component of currents indicates the flow was changed in direction in north east and south west both at surface and bottom. At GOM (stn.C2), the current was weak with average of 0.1 m/s, maximum of 0.2 m/s and minimum of 0.04 m/s. The flow remained unidirectional consistently towards 3050 , but the current speed varied randomly between 0.04 and 0.12 m/s. The shore parallel component of currents indicates that the flow was towards northwest both at surface and bottom. The shore perpendicular component of currents indicates the flow changed the direction from northeast to southwest both at surface and bottom. The flow through the Pamban Pass (stn.C3) was quite distinct, showing the average speed of 0.3 m/s, maximum of 0.6 m/s and minimum of 0.04 m/s. Current flow was noticed towards 450 , i.e., into Palk Bay during flood tide and towards 2250 , i.e., into GOM during ebb tide. The shore parallel component of currents indicates that the flow was into Palk Bay during flood tide and into GOm during ebb tide. The shore perpendicular component of currents indicates the flow was changing its direction across the Pamban Pass between Mandapam and Rameshwaram. During fair weather period, the change in current was observed over the tidal phases at Pamban Pass. The study shows that the current flows mostly parallel to the coast. The general circulation of current in northwesterly direction dominates the tide induced current. This would help the sediments to move by tide induced currents from GOM to Palk Bay prevailing through Pamban pass and to some extent through Adam’s Bridge. (NEERI EIA, p- 2.2 – 2.11).

Thanks Prof. Gosnold and Dr. Behera for providing excellent information.

Attaching an article that holds some good citations in its References. Good luck.

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